Preface by Halliday 王宗炎序 Preface by Chomsky 沈家煊序 導(dǎo)讀 Preface and acknowledgements List of abbreviations 1 SOME PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is a grammaticalized form 1.2.1 A preliminary classification of grammatical forms 1.2.2 Clines 1.2.3 Periphrasis versus affixation 1.3 Some further examples of grammaticalization 1.3.1 Lets 1.3.2 A West African complementizer 1.3.3 Agreement markers 1.4 Grammaticalization and language structure 2 THE HISTORY OF GRAMMATICALIZATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Earlier research on grammaticalization 2.3 More recent research on grammaticalization 2.4 Current trends in research on grammaticalization 3 MECHANISMS: REANALYSIS AND ANALOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Some background assumptions about change 3.3 Induction, deduction, abduction 3.4 Reanalysis 3.4.1 The French inflectional future 3.4.2 The Tarahumara third person pronoun 3.4.3 The English modal auxiliaries 3.5 The independence of reanalysis and grammaticalization 3.5.1 Word order change 3.6 Analogy/rule generalization 3.7 The different effects of reanalysis and analogy 4 PRAGMATIC INFERENCING 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Inferencing and meaning change 4.2.1 Semantics versus pragmatics 4.2.2 Relationships between senses of a form: homonymy and polysemy 4.2.3 Conversational and conventional inferencing 4.3 The role of pragmatic inferencing in grammaticalization 4.3.1 Metaphorical processes 4.3.2 Metonymic processes 4.4 Metaphor and metonymy as problem solving 4.5 Pragmatic enrichment versus bleaching 5 THE HYPOTHESIS OF UNIDIRECTIONALITY 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generalization 5.2.1 Generalization of meaning 5.2.2 Generalization of grammatical function 5.3 Decategorialization 5.3.1 A noun-to-affix cline 5.3.2 A verb-to-affix cline 5.3.3 Multiple paths 5.4 Some processes participating in unidirectionality 5.4.1 Specialization 5.4.2 Divergence 5.4.3 Renewal 5.5 A synchronic result of unidirectionality 5.5.1 Layering 5.6 Counterexamples to unidirectionality 5.7 An unresolved question 6 CLAUSE-INTERNAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Morphologization 6.2.1 Some characteristics of clitics 6.2.2 Positions of clitics 6.2.3 Semantic relevance as a factor in fusion and morpheme order 6.2.4 Phonological concomitants of morphologization 6.3 The development of paradigms 6.4 Argument structure marking: functional-semantic hierarchies and morphological generalization 6.4.1 Object marking in Persian 6.4.2 Ergative case marking: a statistical perspective 6.5 Loss 7 GRAMMATICALIZATION ACROSS CLAUSES 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A cline of clause combining constructions 7.2.1 Parataxis 7.2.2 Hypotaxis 7.2.3 Subordination 7.3 The grammaticalization of clause linkers 7.4 Some counterexamples to unidirectionality in clause combining 7.5 Examples of the development of complex sentence constructions 7.5.1 That-complementation in English 7.5.2 Relative clauses in English and Hittite 7.5.3 From clause chaining to verb inflection in Lhasa 7.5.4 From main clause construction to sententiai adverb in contemporary English 8 SOME FURTHER ISSUES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Grammaticalization versus parametric change 8.3 Contact Notes References Index of names Index of languages General index 文庫索引
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