Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
Preface by Chomsky
沈家煊序
導讀
Foreword to the First Edition
Foreword to the Fifth Edition
Foreword to the Sixth Edition
List of Phonetic Symbols and Signs
Part I Speech and Language
1 Communication
1.1 Speech
1.2 Writing
1.3 Language
1.4 Redundancy
1.5 Phonetics and Linguistics
2 The Production of Speech
2.1 The Speech Chain
2.2 The Speech Mechanism
2.2.1 Sources of Energy: The Lungs
2.2.2 The Larynx and Vocal Folds
2.2.3 The Resonating Cavities
2.2.3.1 The Pharynx
2.2.3.2 The Mouth
2.3 Articulatory Description
3 The Sounds of Speech
3.1 Sound Quality
3.2 The Acoustic Spectrum
3.2.1 Fundamental Frequency: Pitch
3.2.2 Intensity: Loudness
3.2.3 Duration: Length
3.2.4 ''Stress''
3.3 Hearing
4 The Description and Classification of Speech Sounds
4.1 Phonetic Description
4.2 Vowel and Consonant
4.3 Consonants
4.3.1 Egressive Pulmonic Consonants
4.3.2 Voicing
4.3.3 Place of Articulation
4.3.4 Manner of Articulation
4.3.5 0bstruents and Sonorants
4.3.6 Fortis and Lenis
4.3.7 Classification of Consonants
4.3.8 Ingressive Pulmonic Consonants
4.3.9 Egressive Glottalic Consonants
4.3.10 Ingressive Glottalic Consonants
4.3.11 Ingressive Velaric Consonants
4.4 Vowels
4.4.1 Difficulties of Description
4.4.2 Cardinal Vowels
4.4.3 Nasality
4.4.4 Relatively Pure Vowels vs Gliding Vowels
4.4.5 Articulatory Classification of Vowels
5 Sounds in Language
5.1 Speech Sounds and Linguistic Units
5.2 The Linguistic Hierarchy
5.3 Phonemes
5.3.1 Diversity of Phonemic Solutions
5.3.2 Distinctive Features
5.3.3 Allophones
5.3.4 Neutralization
5.3.5 Phonemic Systems
5.4 Transcription
5.5 Syllables
5.5.1 The Sonority Hierarchy
5.5.2 Syllable Constituency
5.5.3 Syllable Boundaries
5.6 Vowel and Consonant
5.7 Prosodic Features
5.8 Paralinguistic and Extralinguistic Features
Part II The Sounds of English
6 The Historical Background
6.1 Phonetic Studies in Britain
6.1.1 Palsgrave and Salesbury
6.1.2 Spelling Reformers: Smith, Hart, Gil
6.1.3 Phoneticians: Wallis, Wilkins, Cooper
6.1.4 Eighteenth Century: Johnson, Sheridan, Walker, Steele
6.1.5 Nineteenth Century: Pitman, Ellis, Bell, Sweet
6.2 Sound Change
6.2.1 Types of Change
6.2.2 Rate and Route of Vowel Change
6.2.3 Sound Change and the Linguistic System
6.2.4 Sources of Evidence for Reconstruction
6.2.5 Classical Old English Sound System
6.2.6 Middle English Sound System
6.2.7 Early Modern English Sound System
6.2.8 Present English Sound System
6.2.9 Modifications in the English Sound System
7 Standard and Regional Accents
7.1 Standards of Pronunciation
7.2 The Emergence of a Standard
7.3 The Present-day Situation: RP
7.4 Current Changes within RP
7.4.1 Changes Almost Complete
7.4.2 Changes Well-established
7.4.3 Recent Innovations
7.4.4 Innovations on the Verge of RP
7.5 Comparing Systems of Pronunciation
7.6 Systems and Standards Other than RP
7.6.1 General American
7.6.2 Standard Scottish English SSE
7.6.3 London English
7.6.4 Northern English
7.6.5 Australian English
8 The English Vowels
8.1 The Distinctive Vowels
8.2 Vowel Glides with a Non-prominent First Element
8.3 Glides to [ ]
8.4 Vowel Length
8.4.1 Phonetic Relationships
8.4.2 Morphophonemic Alternations
8.5 Transcriptions of English Vowels
8.6 Acoustics of RP Vowels
8.7 Learning of Vowels
8.7.1 Acquisition of Vowels by Native Learners
8.7.2 Advice to Foreign Learners
8.8 Descriptions of the Vowels.
8.9 Relatively Pure Vowels
8.9.1 /i:/
8.9.2 /I/
8.9.3 /e/
8.9.4 / /
8.9.5 / /
8.10 Diphthongal Vowel Glides
8.11 Diphthongs
[]
8.12 Centring Diphthongs
8.13 Vowels in Syllables without Primary Accent
8.14 Frequency of Occurrence of RP Vowels
9 The English Consonants
9.1 The Distinctive Consonants
Class A: Obstruents
9.2 Plosives
9.2.1 The Phonetic Features of English Plosives
9.2.2 Acoustic Features of English Plosives
9.2.3 Acquisition of Plosives by Native Learners
9.2.4 The Release Stage of English Plosives
9.2.5 Bilabial Plosives
9.2.6 Alveolar Plosives
9.2.7 Velar Plosives
9.2.8 Glottal Plosive
9.3 Affricates
9.3.1 Pallato-alvcolar Affricates
9.4 Fricatives
9.4.1 Acoustic Features of English Fricatives
9.4.2 Acquisition of Fricatives by Native Learners
9.4.3 Labiodental Fricatives
9.4.4 Dental Fricatives
9.4.5 Alveolar Fricatives
9.4.6 Palato-alvcolar Fricatives
9.4.7 Glottal Fricative
9.5 Voiced and Voiceless as Phonological Categories
Class B: Sonorants
9.6 Nasals
9.6.1 Bilabial Nasal
9.6.2 Alveolar Nasal
9.6.3 Velar Nasal
9.7 Oral Approximants
9.7.1 Lateral Approximant
9.7.2 Post-alveolar Approximant
9.7.3 Palatal and Labial-velar Approximants or Semi-vowels
9.7.4 Unrounded Palatal Approximant
9.7.5 Labial-velar Approximant
9.8 Frequency of Occurrence of RP Consonants
HI Words and Connected Speech
10 Words
10.1 Accent
10.2 Accent and Prominence
10.3 Word Accentual Patterns
10.3.1 Roots
10.3.2 Suffixes
10.3.3 Prefixes
10.3.4 Secondary Accent
10.3.5 Compounds
10.4 Word Accentual Instability
10.5 Distinctive Word Accentual Patterns
10.6 Acquisition of Word Accent by Native Learners
10.7 Advice to Foreign Learners
10.8 Elision and Epenthesis
10.9 Variability in the Phonemic Structure of Words
10.10 Phonotactics
10.10.1 Word-initial and Word-final Phoneme Sequences
10.10.2 Word-medial Syllable Division
10.10.3 Inflexional Suffix Formation
10.10.4 Acquisition of Phonotactics by Native Learners
10.10.5 Advice to Foreign Learners
10.11 Consonant Harmony in the Word Structure of Native Learners
11 Connected Speech
11.1 Accent
11.2 Prominence, Accent, and Rhythm
11.3 Weak Forms
11.4 Acquisition of Rhythm and Weak Forms by Native Learners
11.5 Advice to Foreign Learners
11.6 Intonation
11.6.1 The Forms of Intonation
11.6.1.1 Intonational Phrases
11.6.1.2 Primary Accents
11.6.1.3 Types of Nuclear Tone
11.6.1.4 Secondary Accents
11.6.1.5 The Pitch of Unaccented Syllables
11.6.2 The Functions of Intonation
11.6.2.1 Intonational Phrasing
11.6.2.2 Primary Accents and New Information
11.6.2.3 The Meanings of Tones
11.6.2.4 The Use of Secondary Accents
11.6.3 Regional Variation in Intonation
11.6.4 Pitch Range
11.6.5 Intonation and Punctuation
11.6.6 Acquisition of Intonation by Native Learners
11.6.7 Advice to Foreign Learners
11.7 Hesitations
11.8 Voice Quality
12 Words in Connected Speech
12.1 Citation Forms and Connected Speech
12.2 Neutralization of Weak Forms
12.3 Variation in the Accentual Pattern of Words
12.4 Phonemic and Phonetic Variations at Boundaries
12.4.1 Allophonic Variations
12.4.2 Phonemic Variations
12.4.3 Voiced/Voiceless Variations
12.4.4 Nasality and Labialization
12.4.5 Variations of Place
12.4.6 Elision
12.4.7 Liaison
12.4.8 Juncture
12.5 Frequency of Occurrence of Monosyllabic and Polysyllabic Words
12.6 Advice to Foreign Learners
12.7 Stylistic Variation
13 Teaching the Pronunciation of English
13.1 The Place of Pronunciation
13.2 Models of Pronunciation
13.2.1 Choice of Basic Model
13.2.2 A Wider-based RP
13.3 Performance Targets
13.4 High Priorities
13.4.1 Rhythm and Accent
13.4.2 Segmental Sounds
13.4.3 Sounds in Connected Speech
13.4.4 Intonation
13.5 RP High Acceptability
13.5.1 Vowels
13.5.2 Consonants
13.5.3 Sounds in Connected Speech
13.5.4 Accentuation
13.5.5 Intonation
13.6 Minimum General Intelligibility
13.6.1 Vowels
13.6.2 Consonants
13.6.3 Intonation
13.6.4 Sounds in Connected Speech
13.6.5 Minimum General Intelligibility: Conclusion
13.7 Teaching Methods
13.7.1 Vowels
13.7.2 Consonants
13.7.3 Accentuation
13.7.4 Intonation
13.8 Pronouncing Dictionaries
13.9 Assessment
Bibliography
Index
文庫索引
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