Preface l Communication Networks and Services 1.1 Networks and Services 1.2 Approaches to Network Design 1.2.1 Network FunctiOns and Network TOPotogy 1.2.2 Mage. Packet, and Clycuit Switchtw 1.2.3 TelegraPh Networks and MeSSage Switching 1.2.4 TelePhone Networks and CIycuit Switchtw 1.2.J The Internet and Packet Switchtw 1.2.6 Discusslon on Switchtw APProaches 1.3 Key Factors in Communication Network Evolution 1.3.1 Role of Technotogy 1.3.2 RoIe of Regulatlbn 1.3.3 RoIe Of the Market 1.3.4 RoIe Of Standards 1.4 Book Overview Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 2 ApPlications and Layered Arcbitectures 2.1 Examples of Layering 2.2 The OSI Reference Model 2.2.1 Unthed Vtew of Layers, Protocols, and ServlYes 2.2.2 The Seven-Layer MOdeI 2.3 Overview of TCP/IP Architecture 2.3.1 TCP/IP Protocol: HOw lhe Layers Whrk TOgther +2.4 The Berkeley API 2.4.1 SOcket System CalIs 2.4.2 Nelwork UtiIity FunCtlbns +2.5 Application Protocols and TCP/IP Utilities 2.J.1 Telnet 2.5.2 File Transfer Protocol 2.J.3 IP Utl1ities Summary Checklist of lmportant Terms Further Reading Problems 3 Digital Transmission FundamentaIs 3.1 Digital Representation of InfOrmation 3.1.1 Binary RePresentations of Dtherent Informatlbn TyPes 3.1.2 Network Requlyements of Ddferent Informatlbn TyPes 3.2 Why Digital Communications? 3.2.1 BaSic ProPerties of DigitaI TransmissiOn Systems 3.3 Characterization of Communication Channels 3.3.1 Frequency Domain Characterizallbn 3.3.2 Thoe Domain CharacterizatIbn 3.4 Fundamental Limits in Digital Transmission J.4.1 The Nyquist Shoaling Rate 3.4.2 The Shannon ChanneI CaPacity 3.5 Line Coding 3.6 Modems and Digital Modulation 3.6.1 SignaI ConsteIIatiOns and TelePhone MOdem Standards 3.7 Properties of Media and Digital Transmission Systems 3.7.1 Twisted Pair 3.7.2 CoaxltrI Cable 3.7.3 OPtical Ftoer 3.7.4 Radto TransmlAslbn 3. 7.5 Infared Lbot 3.8 Error Detection and Correction 3.8.1 Error Detection 3.8.2 Two-Dhaensional Parity Checks 3.8.J Internet Checksum 3.8.4 PoIynomial COdes 3.8.J Standardised Polynomial Codes J.8.6 Error Detecting CaPability Of a Po!ynomial Code +3.8.7 Llhear COdes +3.8.8 Error Correction Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems Appendix 3A: Asynchronous Data Transmission Appendix 3B f Fourier Series 4 Transmission Systems and the TeIephone Network 4.1 Multiplexing 4.1.1 Frequency-Division MultiPIexing 4.1.2 Thoe-Division MultiPlextw 4.2 SONET 4.2.1 SONET MuItlPlextw 4.2.2 SONET Frame Structure 4.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 4.4 Circuit Switches 44.1 SPace-Division Switches t442 Thae-DivisiOn Switches 4.5 The Telephone Network 4J.1 Transmission Facilitler 4J.2 Endto-End Digital Services 4.6 Signaling 46I Sghahty System #7 Architecture 4.7 Traffic and Overload Control in Telephone Networks 4 7. I COncentration 4.7.2 Routtw ControI 47.J OverlOad ControIs 4.8 Cellular Telephone Networks 4.9 Satellite Ce1lular Networks Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 5 Peer-to-Peer ProtocoIs 5.1 Peer-to-Peer Protocols and Service Models J.1.1 Service Models 51.2 End to End Requirements and AdaPtation Functions J.1.J End to End versus HoP by HoP 5.2 ARQ Protocols S.2.1 StoP-and Whit ARQ J.2.2 Go-Back-N ARQ 52.3 SeIective RePeat ARQ J2.4 Transmisslbn Effichocy Of ARQ ProtocoIs 5.3 Other Adaptation Functions 51I W ThdOw Ftow ControI J32 Thotw Recoveryfor Synchronous Services J.3.3 ReIiabIe Stream Service 5.4 Data Link Controls J4.1 HDLC Data Link ControI s4.2 POint-to-POint ProtocoI +5.5 Link Sharing using Packet Multiplexers J.J.1 StatistlkaI MuItlPlextw JJ.2 SPeech InterPoIation and the MuItlPlextw of Packetltred SPeech, Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 6 Local Area Networks and Medium Access Control ProtocoIs 6.1 Multiple Access Communications 6.2 Local Area Networks 6.2.1 LAN Structure 6.2.2 The Mednim Access COntroI Subforer 6.2.J The LogicaI Link ControI Layer 6.3 Random Access 6.3.1 ALOHA 6.3.2 Stotted ALOHA 6.3.3 cSus 6.3.4 csus-cn 6.4 Scheduling Approaches to Medium Access Control 6.4.1 Reservation Systems 6.4.2 Polltw 6.4.J Token-PaSsing Rtw 6.4.4 COmParison of Scheduhng APProaches to Medium Access COntrol 6.4.J ComParison Of Random Access and ScheduItw Mednim Access ControIs +6.5 Channelization 6.s.1 rous 6.s.2 rous 6.s.3 cous 6.5.4 ChanneIization in TelePhone CeIluIar Networks 6.J.J Performance of Channehzation Techniques with Bursty Traffic 6.6 LAN Standards 6.6.1 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 LAN Standard 6.6.2 Token Rtw and IEEE 802.J LAN Standard 6.6.3 rDDI 6.6.4 twless LANs and M 802.1I Standerd 6.7 LAN Bridges 6.7.1 TrasParent Brdees 6.7.2 Source Routtw Brdees 6.7.3 Mbeumuta N- SurYunary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 7 Packet-Switching Networks 7.1 Network Services and Intemal Network Operation 7.2 Packet Network Topology 7.3 Datagrams and Virtual Circuits 73.1 Structure Of Switch/Router 7.3.2 ConnectiOnless Packet Switchtw 7.3.3 WtualClycuit Packet Switchtw 7.4 Routing in Packet Networks 7.4.1 Routtw Algorithm ChzSS&catlbn 7.4.2 Routtw Tables 7.4.3 Hicrarchical Routtw 7.4.4 Link State versus Dlklance Vector Routtw 7.5 Shortest Path Algorithms 7J.1 The BeIIman-Ford Algorithm 7.5.2 Dijkstras Algorilhm 7.J.3 Other Routtw APProaches 7.6 ATM Networks 7.7 Traffic Management and QoS 7 7 I W and Prlbrity Queues 7 72 Faly Queuetw 7.8 Congestion Control 78.1 OPen-LooP COntro1. 7.8.2 CIOsedLoOP Control Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 8 TCPlIP 8.1 The TCP/IP Architecture 8.2 The Internet Protocols 8.2.1 IP Packet 82.2 IP Addresslhg 8.2.3 Subnet Addresstw 8.2.4 IP Routtw 8.2.5 CtossIess Interdomalh Routing (CIDR) 8.2.6 Address Resolution 8.2.7 Reverse Address ResolutiOn 828 Mentation and Reassembly 8.2.9 ICMP: Error and Control MeSSages 8.3 IPv6 8.3.1 Header Format 8.3.2 Network Addresstw 8.1.3 Extenslbn Headers 8.4 User Datagram Protocol 8.5 Transmission Control Protocol 8.J.1 M ReIiable Stream Servlte 8J.2 TCP OPeratiOn 853 TCP Protocol 8.6 DHCP and Mobile IP 8.6.1 DynamlY Host Cotheratlbn ProtocoI 8.6.2 hobile,P 8.7 Internet Routing Protocols 8.7.1 Roultw oprmation Protocol 8.7.2 OPen Shortest Path Ffort 8.7.3 Border Gateway Protocol 8.8 Multicast Routing 8.8.1 Reverse-Path Broadcasttw v 8.8.2 Internet GrouP Management Protocol 8.8.3 Reverse-Palh MuIticasttw 8.8.4 Distance- Wctor MuIticast Routtw Protocol Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems 9 ATM NetWorks 9.1 Why ATM? 9.2 BISDN Reference Model 9.3 ATM Layer 9.3.] ATM Cell Header 9.3.2 Virtual Connections 9.3.3 QoS ParameIers 9.3.4 Traffic DescriPtors 9.3.5 ATM Servlte Calegories 9.3.6 Traffic Contracts, COnnectlbn Admisslbn Control, and Traffic Management 9.4 ATM Adaptation Layer 9.4.1 AALI 9.4.2 AAL2 9.4.3 AAL3/4 9.4.4 AALS 9.4.5 SignaItw AAL 9.4.6 APPIlYatiOns, AALs, and ATM Service Categories 9.5 ATM Signaling 9.J.1 A TM Addresstw 9.J.2 UNI Signaling 9.5.3 PN Sghaltag 9.6 PNNI Routing Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems l0 Advanced Network Architectures l0.1 IP Forwarding Architectures l0.2 Overlay Model I0.2.1 Classical IP Over ATM I0.2.2 LANE I023 NHRP I024 MPOA l0.3 MPLS 103. I Fundamentals Of Labels 10.3.2 LabeI Stack I0.3.3 re ANrsing 10.3.4 Label Distribution ProtocoI I03S ExPlicit Routtwfor Traffic Englheertw 10.3.6 MPLS Smporl fOr Thtual Networks l0.4 Integrated Services in the Internet I0.4.1 Guaranteed Servlte I04.2 ControlledLoad Service l0.5 RSVP I0.5.1 Receiver-Initiated Reservatlbn I0.5.2 Reservation Mergtw I0J.3 Reservatbo Styles I0J4 Sof State I0.J.J RSVP Mage Format l0.6 Differentiated Services I0.6.1 DS rtelu I0.6.2 Per HoP Behavlbrs I063 Traffic COnditiOner I0.6.4 Bandwndh Broker Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Rcading Problems ll Security Protocols l1.1 Security and Cryptographic Algorithms IIII APPIicatlbns of CmptOgraPhy to Security II12 Key Distributlbn l1.2 Security Protocols II2 I APPllkatlbn ScenariOs II2.2 TyPes Of ServlYe I12.3 Setttw UP a Security Assocltitlbn I12.4 IPSec I1.2.5 Secure SOckets Lewr and TranSPort Layer Security l1.3 Cryptographic Algorithms 11.3.1 Des 11.3.2 Rs. Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems l2 Multimedia InfOrmation and Networking l2.1 Lossless Data Compression I21I Wan Codes I2.1.2 Run-Length Codes I2.1.3 AdaPtive Codes l2.2 Digital Representation of Analog Signals I2.2.1 ProPertltes Of Anatog Sboals 12.2.2 Anatog- to-DigitaI COnversion I2.2.3 Digital Transmission of Anatog Signals +I2.2.4 SNR Performance of Quantizers l2.3 Techniques for Increasing Compression I2.3.1 Predictive COding I2.3.2 rransfOrm codtw I2.3.3 subband coatag I2.3.4 Discrete Cosine TransfOrm Codtw 12.3.5 The JPEG Image-COdtw Standard I2.3.6 ComPression of Vndo SboaIs I2.3.7 The MPEG Vtheo COdtw Standerde I2.3.8 usro Miltirlextw l2.4 The Real-Time Transport Protocol I2.4.1 RTP ScenariOs and Terminotogy I2.4.2 RTP Packet FOrmat I2.4.3 RTP Control Prolocol (RTCP) l2.5 Session Control Protocols I2.J.1 Session Initiation Protocol I2.J.2 H.323 MuItimedta CommunicatiOns Systems 12.5.3 Medta Gateway COntrol ProtocoIs Summary Checklist of Important Terms Further Reading Problems Epilogue ApPendices A Delay and Loss Performance A.1 Delay Analysis and Littles Formula A.1.1 ArrivaI Rates and Traffic Load Definitlbns A.1.2 Little s FOrmula A.2 Basic Queueing Models A.2.1 Arrival Processes A.2.2 Service Thoes A.2.3 Queuetw Syslem CtossWcation A.3 M/M/l: A Basic Multiplexer ModeI A.1.1 MM] Steady State Probabilltler and the NOtiOn of Stabl1ity A.3.2 Effct of Scale on PerfOrmance A.3.3 Average Packet Deler lh a Network A.4 The M/G/l model A.4.1 Service Thae VariabilltJ and Deha A.4.2 PriOrity Queuetw Systems A.4.3 ffocatlbn Models and MultiPlexer PerfOrmance A.5 Erlang B FormuIa: M/M/c/c System Further Reading B Network Management B.1 Network Management Overview B.2 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) B.3 Structure of Management Information B.4 ManagCment Information Base B.5 Remote Network Monitoring Further Reading Index
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