Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
Preface by Chomsky
沈家煊序
導(dǎo)讀
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
I Popular ideas about language
Widely held linguistic beliefs and attitudes,
and the basic functions of language.
1
The prescriptive tradition
Popular notions of linguistic authority and
correctness; purism and language change;
the role of linguistic description.
2 The equality of languages
Myths about primitive languages and
language superiority.
3
The magic of language
Linguistic superstitions and verbal taboos;
the mystical power of proper names.
4 The functions of language
The many cultural, social, and personal
roles which language performs.
5
Language and thought
The complex relationship between language
and thinking; the notion of language relativity.
II Language and identity
The many ways in which language expresses
a person''s individuality or social identity.
6 Physical identity
The relationship between language and age,
sex, physical type, and physical condition;
voiceprints; male vs female speech.
7 Psychological identity
The relationship between language and
personality, intelligence, and other
psychological factors.
8 Geographical identity
The regional background ora speaker;
accents, dialects, linguistic areas, and the
study of dialectology.
9 Ethnic and national identity
Language, ethnicity, and nationalism; the
problem of minority languages and dialects.
10 Social identity
Language and social stratification, class,
status, role, solidarity, and distance; the
problem of sexism.
11 Contextual identity
Situationally determined varieties of speech
and writing; restricted and secret language;
verbal play and art; word games.
12 Stylistic identity and literature
The concept of style; authorship identity
and forensic linguistics; literary language in
poetry, drama, and prose.
III The structure of language
The dimensions of language analysis that
underlie all forms of language, whether
spoken, written, or signed.
13 Linguistic levels
The relationship between the main
components of language analysis; models of
linguistic structure.
14 Typology and universals
Analysing the structural similarities and
differences among the languages of the
world.
15 The statistical structure of language
The study of the statistical regularities
found in language; the frequency of sounds,
letters, and words.
16 Grammar
Syntax and morphology; the structure of
words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
17 Semantics
The study of meaning in language; the
semantic analysis of words and sentences.
18 Dictionaries
The use and evaluation of dictionaries; the
past, present, and future of lexicography.
19 Names
Patterns and trends in the use of personal
names; place names and their history.
20 Discourse and text
The study of stretches of spoken and written
language above the sentence; the nature of
conversation; analysing textual structure.
21 Pragmatics
The factors that govern our choice of
language in social interaction; speech acts
and their analysis.
IV The medium of language:speaking and listening
The study of the auditory-vocal channel of
communication; the production,
transmission, and reception of speech.
22 The anatomy and physiology of
speech
The vocal tract and vocal organs; the nature
of articulation.
23 The acoustics of speech
The nature of sound waves and the way they
transmit speech; the sound spectrograph
and its use in speech sound analysis.
24 The instrumental analysis of speech
Some of the techniques used in the analysis
of speech acoustics and physiology.
25 Speech reception
The ear, and the process of hearing; speech
perception and its investigation.
26 Speech interaction with machines
The principles and practice of automatic
speech recognition and speech synthesis.
27 The sounds of speech
Phonetics; the description of vowels and
consonants; kinds of phonetic
transcription.
28 The linguistic use of sound
Phonology; phonemes, distinctive features,
and other models; comparing the sound
systems of languages.
29 Suprasegmentals
The prosody of speech; the structure of
intonation; tone languages; the relationship
between speech and music.
30 Sound symbolism
The relationship between sounds and
meaning; the role of onomatopoeia.
V The medium of language:writing and reading
The study of the development and
functions of written language, in all its
forms.
31 Written and spoken language
The relationship between speech and
writing; how sound is portrayed in written
language.
32 Graphic expression
The physical substance of written language;
types of graphic expression; handwriting,
print, typing, and electronic forms.
33 Graphology
The writing system of a language; the
history of writing; the alphabet; spelling,
punctuation, and other contrasts; systems of
shorthand.
34 The process of reading and writing
Psychological accounts of the process of
reading, writing, and spelling; spelling
regularity and spelling reform.
VI The medium of language:signing and seeing
The development and use of deaf sign
languages.
35 Sign language
Popular fallacies about sign language; the
development and use of signs by the deaf.
36 Sign language structure
The way signs are used to convey
grammatical contrasts; American Sign
Language.
37 Types of sign language
The range of contrived sign languages; finger
spelling, cued speech, and other systems.
VII Child language acquisition
The study of the way children learn to
understand and speak their mother tongue
—methods, theories, and findings; later
language learning in school.
38 Investigating children''s language
Techniques for finding out about child
language; speech production and
comprehension; theories of language
acquisition.
39 The first year
The development of infant vocalization;
early speech perception and interaction.
40 Phonological development
The acquisition of the sound system; the
learning of vowels, consonants, and
intonation.
41 Grammatical development
The acquisition of grammar; growth in
sentence length and complexity.
42 Semantic development
The acquisition of vocabulary; first words
and their content; distinguishing the
meanings of words.
43 Pragmatic development
The acquisition of conversational skills; the
language of twins.
44 Language development in school
The study of language in school; later oral
development; learning to read and write.
VIII Language,brain,and handicap
The neurological basis of language, and the
range of physical or psychological problems
that can give rise to disabilities in spoken,
written, or signed language.
45 Language and the brain
Brain structure and function; hemispheric
dominance and localization; slips of the
tongue and critical periods.
46 Language handicap
Incidence, causation, and classification;
deafness, aphasia, dyslexia, dysgraphia;
disorders of voice, articulation, and fluency;
language delay; alternative communication
systems and aids.
IX The languages of the world
The range of languages in past or present
use—numbers, speakers, sources;
identifying and explaining linguistic
change.
47 How many languages
Identifying, counting, and classifying the
languages of the world
48 How many speakers
Determining how many people speak a
language; the world''s most widely used
languages and families.
49 The origins of language
Myths and experiments about the origins of
language; wolf children; humans and
primates; the evidence of palaeontology.
50 Families of languages
Discovering the history of languages;
comparative philology; the language
families of the world.
51 The Indo-European family
The history of Indo-European languages,
where they are spoken, and how they are
classified.
52 Other families
The distribution, family grouping, and use
of the world''s languages other than Indo-
European .
53 Language isolates
Languages which cannot be related to any of
the major families.
54 Language change
The identification of change in sounds,
grammar, and vocabulary; glottochronology;
explanations for language change.
55 Pidgins and creoles
The origins, distribution, and present-day
use of the world''s pidgins and creoles.
X Language in the world
The problems of communication posed by
the diversity of the world''s languages and
varieties, and the search for solutions.
56 The language barrier
The problems caused by foreign languages
in the field of international communication;
language and the business world.
57 Translating and interpreting
The principles and practice of translating
and interpreting; the role of machine
translation.
58 Artificial languages
The history of artificial languages, and the
present-day position; Esperanto, Basic
English, and other systems.
59 World languages
The international use of languages; official
languages; World English and its varieties.
60 Multilingualism
Causes and extent of bilingual attitudes and
practice; language maintenance and shift;
language switching.
61 Language planning
Government policies about language
selection and use; endangered languages;
bilingual educational programmes.
62 Foreign language learning and
teaching
The role and status of foreign languages in
school and society; theories of language
learning, and methods of language teaching;
language materials and laboratories.
63 Language for special purposes
The development of special varieties of
language in science, medicine, religion, the
law, the press, advertising, and broadcasting;
the related problems of intelligibility and
change.
XI Language and communication
The relationship between language and
other systems of human and non-human
communication, and the scientific study of
language.
64 Language and other
communication systems
Language defined; chimpanzee communication;
semiotics; communication by non-linguistic
sound, face, gesture, and touch.
65 Linguistics
The history of ideas in language study;
domains and personalities in 20th-century
linguistics; linguistic methods; natural
language processing.
Appendices
I
Glossary.
II
Special symbols and abbreviations used
in the encyclopedia.
III Table of the world''s languages.
IV
Further reading.
V
References.
VI
Index of languages, families, dialects,
and scripts.
VII Index of authors and personalities.
VIII Index of topics.
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