語言學(xué)概論：英文本

CHAPTER 1 Language and Linguistics: an Overview
1.1 What is language？　1
1.2 Features of human language　2
1.3 Functions of language　5
1.4 Types of language　6
1.4.1 Natural languages and artificial languages
1.4.2 Genetic classification of languages
1.4.3 The typological classification of languages
1.5 The myth of language: language origin 8
1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language　9
1.6.1 Linguistics as a science
1.6.2 Branches of linguistics
1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　13
MINI-PROJECTS　13
CHAPTER 2 Phonetics: the Study of Speech Sounds
2.1 The study of speech sounds　14
2.2 The sound-producing mechanism　14
2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds　16
2.3.1 Unit of representation
2.3.2 Phonetic symbols
2.4 Description of English consonants　17
2.5 Description of English vowels　19
2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes　21
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　22
MINI-PROJECTS　23
CHAPTER 3　Phonology: the Study of Sound Systems and Patterns　24
3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns　24
3.2 Phonemes and allophones　24
3.3 Discovering phonemes　25
3.3.1 Contrastive distribution
3.3.2 Complementary distribution
3.3.3 Free variation
3.3.4 The discovery procedure
3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features　27
3.5 Phonological rules　28
3.6 Syllable structure　29
3.7 Sequence of phonemes　30
3.8 Features above segments　31
3.8.1 Stress
3.8.2 Intonation
3.8.3 Tone
3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in English
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　33
MINI-PROJECTS　35
CHAPTER 4 Morphology: the Study of Word Structure　36
4.1 Words and word structure　36
4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language　36
4.3 Classification of morphemes　37
4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes
4.3.2 Inflectional and dedvational morphemes
4.4 Formation of English words　38
4.4.1 Derivation
4.4.2 Compounding
4.4.3 Other types of English word formation
TUTORIALACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　43
MINI-PROJECTS　44
CHAPTER 5 Syntax: the Analysisis Sentence Structure　45
5.1 Grammaticality　45
5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure　46
5.3 Different approaches to syntax　47
5.4 Transformational-generative grammar（TG）　49
5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar
5.4.2 Syntactic categories
5.4.3 Phrase structure rules
5.4.4 Tree diagrams
5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language
5.4.6 Sub-categorization of the lexicon
5.4.7 Transformational rules
5.5 Systemic-functional grammar　60
5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice
5.5.2 The three metafunctions
5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience
5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction
5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　69
MINI-PROJECTS　72
CHAPTER 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning　73
6.1 The study of meaning　73
6.2 Reference and sense　74
6.2.1 Reference
6.2.2 Sense
6.3 Classification of iexical meanings　75
6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning
6.3.2 Types of associative meaning
6.4 Lexical sense relations　77
6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.2 Antonymy
6.4.3 Homonymy
6.4.4 Polysemy
6.4.5 Hyponymy
6.5 Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis　80
6.6 Words and concepts　81
6.6.1 Categorization
6.6.2 Prototypes
6.6.3 Hierarchies
6.7 Semantic relations of sentences　83
6.8 Metaphors 85
6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device
6.8.2 The components of metaphors
6.8.3 Features of metaphors
TUTORIALACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　89
MINI-PROJECTS　92
CHAPTER 7 Pragmatlcs: the Analysis of Meaning in Context　93
7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning　93
7.2 Deixis and reference 94
7.3 Speech acts 96
7.4 Cooperation and implicature　98
7.5 The politeness principle 99
7.6 The principle of relevance　101
7.7 Conversational structure　103
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QU ESTIONS　106
MINI-PROJECTS　107
CHAPTER 8 Language in Social Contexts　108
8.1 Sociolinguistic study of language　108
8.2 Varieties of a language　108
8.3 Grades of formality　111
8.4 Languages in contact　112
8.5 Taboos and euphemisms　113
8.6 Language and culture　114
8.7 Communicative competence　116
TUTORIALACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS　117
MINI-PROJECTS　117
CHAPTER 9 Second LanguageAcquisltion　118
9.1 What is second language acquisition？ 118
9.2 Factors affecting SLA　119
9.3 Analyzing learners language　122
9.4 Explaining second language acquisition　124
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES /QUESTIONS　127
MINI-PROJECTS　128
CHAPTER 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching　129
10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system　129
10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications　131
10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design　132
10.4 Method as integration of theory and practice　133
10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers　136
TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES / QUESTIONS　137
MINI-PROJECTS　139
Appendix I Families I Groups of Languages　140
Appendix II The Indo-European Language Family　142
Bibliography　144
Suggested Solutions to Tutorial Questions　148
An English-Chinese Glossary　156