List of Symbols Preface 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics 1.2 Dimensions and Units 1.3 Measures of Amount or Size 1.4 Force 1.5 Temperature 1.6 Pressure 1.7 Work 1.8 Energy 1.9 Heat 2 THE FIRST LAW AND OTHER BASIC CONCEPTS 2.1 Joule’s Experiments 2.2 Internal Energy 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 2.5 Thermodynamic State and State Functions 2.6 Equilibrium 2.7 The Phase Rule 2.8 The Reversible Process 2.9 Constant-V and Constant-p processes 2.1 Enthalpy 2.11 Mass and Energy Balances for Open Systems 3 VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS 3.1 PVT Behavior of Pure Substances 3.2 Virial Equations of State 3.3 The Ideal Gas 3.4 Application of the Virial Equations 3.5 Cubic Equations of State 3.6 Generalized Correlations for Gases 3.7 Generalized Correlations for Liquids 4 HEAT EFFECTS 4.1 Sensible Heat Effects 4.2 Latent Heats of Pure Substances 4.3 Standard Heat of Reaction 4.4 Standard Heat of Formation 4.5 Standard Heat of Combustion 4.6 Temperature Dependence of △H 4.7 Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions 5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 5.1 Statements of the Second Law 5.2 Heat Engines 5.3 Thermodynamic Temperature Scales 5.4 Entropy 5.5 Entropy Changes of an Ideal Gas 5.6 Mathematical Statement of the Second Law 5.7 Entropy Balance for Open Systems 5.8 Calculation of Ideal Work 5.9 Lost Work 5.1 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 5.11 Entropy from the Microscopic Viewpoint 6 HERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 6.1 Property Relations for Homogeneous Phases 6.2 Residual Properties 6.3 Residual Properties by Equations of State 6.4 Two-Phase Systems 6.5 Thermodynamic Diagrams 6.6 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 6.7 Generalized Property Correlations for Gases 7 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO FLOW PROCESSE 7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.2 Turbines(Expanders) 7.3 Compression Processes 8 PRODUCTION OF POWER FROM HEAT 8.1 The Steam Power Plant 8.2 Internal-Combustion Engines 8.3 Jet Engines; Rocket Engines 9 REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION 9.1 The Carnot Refrigerator 9.2 The Vapor-Compression Cycle 9.3 The Choice of Refrigerant 9.4 Absorption Refrigeration 9.5 The Heat Pump 9.6 Liquefaction Processes 1 VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Nature of Equilibrium 1.2 The Phase Rule . Duhem’s Theorem 1.3 VLE: Qualitative Behavior 1.4 Simple Models for Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium 1.5 VLE by Modified Raoult’s Law 1.6 VLE from K-Value Correlations 11 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS: THEORY 11.1 Fundamental Property Relation 11.2 The Chemical Potential and Phase Equilibria 11.3 Partial Properties 11.4 Ideal-Gas Mixtures 11.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient: Pure Species 11.6 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient: Species in Solution 11.7 Generalized Correlations for the Fugacity Coefficient 11.8 The Ideal Solution 11.9 Excess Properties 12 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS: APPLICATIONS 12.1 Liquid-Phase Properties from VLE Data 12.2 Models for the Excess Gibbs Energy 12.3 Property Changes of Mixing 12.4 Heat Effects of Mixing Processes 13 HEMICAL-REACTION EQUILIBRIA 13.1 The Reaction Coordinate 13.2 Application of Equilibrium Criteria to Chemical Reactions 13.3 The Standard Gibbs-Energy Change and Equilibrium Constant 13.4 Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant 13.5 Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants 13.6 Relation of Equilibrium Constants to Composition 13.7 Equilibrium Conversions for Single Reactions 13.8 Phase Rule and Duhem’s Theorem for Reacting Systems 13.9 Multireaction Equilibria 13.1 Fuel Cells 14 TOPICS IN PHASE EQUIL IBBIA 14.1 The Gamma/Phi Formulation of VLE 14.2 VLE from Cubic Equations of State 14.3 Equilibrium and Stability 14.4 Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(LLE) 14.5 Vapor/Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(VLLE) 14.6 Solid/Liquid Equilibrium(SLE) 14.7 Solid/Vapor Equilibrium(SVE) 14.8 Equilibrium Adsorption of Gases on
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