List of illustrations Acknowledgements Note on spelling Preface Part one practical language teaching to 1800 1 the early years 2 'Refugiate in a strange country': the refugeelanguage teachers in elizabethan london 3 towards 'the great and common world' 4 guy miege and the second huguenot exile 5 the spread of english language teaching in europe part two on 'fixing' the language 6 introduction 7 two proposals for orthographical reform in thesixteenth century: the work of john hart, chester herald richard mulcaster's elementarie 8 early pedagogical grammars of english for foreignlearners: ben jonson's english grammar john wallis's grammatica linguae anglicanae 9 'things, words, and notions' 10 thelanguage'fixed': latin schools and english schools swift's proposal for a british academy towards standard english part three language teaching in the nineteenthcentury overview 11 the grammar-translation method: introduction the grammar-translation method and theschools: some anglo-german contrasts the grammar-translation method and adultlanguage teaching: the 'practical approach' of ahn and ollendorff 12 individual reformers: overview 'all is in all': jean joseph jacotot the rational method of claude marcel thomas prendergast's 'mastery system' francois gouin and the 'series' 13 the reform movement: introduction the principles of reform the klinghardt experiment the role of phonetics the work of henry sweet: an applied linguisticapproach 14 natural methods of language teaching frommontaigne to berlitz part four the making of a profession section 1 overview of english language teachingsince 1900 15 the teaching of english as a foreign or secondlanguage since 1900: a survey: laying the foundations (1900-1922) research and development (1922-1939) consolidation (1945-1960) change and variation since 1960 section 2 essays in the history of english language teaching since 1900 16 harold e. palmer: palmer's life and work palmer's methodology 17 choosing the right words: michael west and the new method the basic issue carnegie and after 18 old patterns and new directions: a. s. hornby and the post-war consensus the impact of applied linguistics the notion of communication epilogue: on rational and natural approaches to language teaching a chronology of english language teaching biographical notes appendix: language teaching must start afresh !' a translation ofwilhelm vietor's der sprachunterricht mussumkehren! bibliography index
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