Preface xxi
CBAPTER I Introduction 1
Introduction l
The Present Telecommunications Infraatructure l
Present Technologies for Voice, Video, and Data Networks 2
Present and Future Requirements 5
Downsizing and Outsourcing 6
Present Systems 6
Costs of Leased Lines 8
Virtual Companies and Virtual Networks 9
Fast Relay Networks and ATM 12
Development of ATM 14
Applications use of ATM 14
Fast Relay Networks and SONET 16
Broadband ISDN 19
Summary 2l
CHAPTER 2 The Nature ot Analog and Digital Systems 22
Introduction 22
Analog Systems 22
Cycles, Frequency, and Period 23
Bandwidth 24
Broadband and Baseband Signlals 26
Other Definitions of Broadband 27
Channel (Link) Capacity 27
Noiseless Channels and Harry Nyquest 28
Noisy Channels 29
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio 30
The Analog-to-Digital Conversion Process 30
Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding 3l
Other Coding Schemes 34
Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks 35
Plesiochronous Networks 35
The Synchronous Clock Hierarchy 36
Clarification of Terms 37
Timing Variations 37
Slips-Controlled and Uncontrolled 38
Bit or Clock Slips 39
Summary 39
CHAPTER 3 Layered Protocols, the Architeekure for ATM and SONET Networks 40
Introduction 40
Protocols and the OSI Model 40
OSI Layer Operations 42
Concept of a Service Provider 43
ATM and the Model 48
Protocol Entities 48
Service Accese Points (SAPs) 49
ATM and OSI Layers 49
The Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) 51
The Internet Layers 52
IP Functions 54
TCP Operations 56
The OSI Network and Transport Layer 58
Summary 58
CHAPTER 4 Emerged Technologies 59
Introduction 59
Comparison of Switching Systems 59
The TI/El Systems 61
Purpose of TI and E1 61
Typical Topology 62
T1 and E1 Layers 63
TI/E1 PDUs 63
Conclusions on T1/E1 65
X.25 65
Purpose of X.25 65
Typical Topology 66
X.25 Layers 67
X.25 PDUs 68
Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.25 69
Oonclusions on X.25 7O
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISON) 7l
Purpose of ISDN 71
Typical Topology 71
ISDN Layers 74
ISDN PDUs 74
Concluaions on ISDN 79
Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) 80
Purpose of SS7 80
Typical Topology 80
SS7 Layers 81
SS7 PDUs 84
Conclusions on SS7 85
ATM and SONET: Redoction (-r Enhancement of Functions in Networks 86
Summary 86
CHAPTER 5 The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Model 87
Introduction 87
ISDN and B-ISDN 87
B-ISDN Configurations 88
ATM and the B-ISDN Model 89
Examples of the Operations between Layers in the B-ISDN Planes 91
B-ISDN Functions 93
B-ISDN Service Aspects 95
Summary 97
CHAPTER 6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Basics 98
Introduction 98
The Purpose of ATM 98
Pertinent Standards 99
An ATM Topology 99
The VPI and VCI Labels l03
ATM Layers 105
ATM Layers and OSI Layers 106
Relationehip of AAL, ATM, and the Network 108
Relationship of Layers to the OSI Layered Architecture 11O
Where to Find Service Definitions and Primitives 111
Typical Protocol Stacks 111
ATM PDUs (CELLs) 113
Use of Two Identifiers 114
Metasignaling Cells and Other Cells 115
Rationale for the Cell Size 116
Network Traltsparency Operations 119
Emors and Error Rates 119
Emor Comection and Detection 122
Probability of Discarding Cells 124
Overhead of the Cell Approach 125
Transmission Delay 126
ATM Labele 128
Multiplexing VICs and VPIs 180
Cell Relay Bearer Service (CRBS) 190
Poink-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-Multipoint Services 132
ATM Interfaces 133
Principal Specificatiods for ATM 134
Summary 135
CHAPTER 7 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 137
Introduction 137
Principal Tasks of the AAL 137
The AAL Sublayers 139
Creating and Processing the AAL PDU 139
Classes of Traffic 141
Rationale for AAL Types 143
Dividing CS into Further Sublayers 143
AAL Naming Conventions 144
AAL Type 1 (AAL 1) 144
The AAL l PDU 145
AAL l Modes of Operation 147
Synchronization and Clock Eecovery 148
Running AAL 1 Traffic on a T1 Link 148
AAL Type 2 (AAL 2) 149
The AAL 2 PDU 150
Voice Packetization 152
Grouping Samples into Blocks 153
The Voice Packet 156
Packet Buildout at the Receiver 158
AAL Types 3, 4, 3/4, and 5 (AAL 3, AAL 4, AAL 3/4, and AAL 5) for Data 161
Pre-ATM Approach to Traffic Integrity Management 161
ATM Approach to Traffice Integrity Management 164
The Original AAL Type 3 and Type 4 (AAL 3, AAL 4) 166
AAL 3/4 167
Naming Conventions for AAL 3/4 167
The AAL 3/4 PDU 167
AAL 8/4 Headers and Trailers 167
AAL 3/4 Sequencing and Identification Operations l70
A Complete SAR-PDU and CPOS-PDU Examole 17l
Functional Model for AAL 3/4 173
AAL Type 5 (AAL 5) 175
Structure of AAL 5 176
The AAL 5 PDU 176
A New Type-Available Bit Rate (ABR) l77
The AAL/ATM Printitives 177
Summary 180
CHAPTER 8 ATM Switching Operations l8l
Introduction 18l
ATM Switching 181
Routine with the Cell Header 182
Snace and Time Switching 185
Digital Cross Connects 186
The Switching Fabric 186
Multiplexing and Label Mapping 189
Switching Technologies 19l
Shared Memory Switch 192
Shared Bus Switch 192
Crossbar Switch 193
Multistage Switching 194
Banyan and Delta Switching Networks l95
Example of an ATM Switch 200
Summary 202
CHAPTER 9 Traffic Management 203
Introduction 203
Traffic Managemnet in an ATM Network 203
The Natural Bit Rate 204
Traffic Control and Congestion Control 206
Functions to Achieve Traffic Control and Congestion Control 206
Allocation of Bandwidth 206
Computing the Parameters for Queue Servicing 2l0
Dealing with Variable Delay 21l
Connection Admission Control (CAC) Procedures 212
Usage Parameter Control (UPC) 214
Performance Parameters at the UNI 215
ITU-T Recommendation I.35B 215
Traffic Management at the UNI-Basic Concepts 215
Eckberg Scheme 215
Multiplexing Traffic into the Cells 218
Token Pools and Leaky Buckets 218
Allocating Resources 222
ATM Bearer Service Attributes at the UNI 222
Trafiic Control and Congestion Control 223
Cell Arrival Rate and Cell Interval 224
ATM Cell Transfer Performance Parameters 226
ATM Layer Provisions for Quality of Service (QOS) 227
ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control and Congestion Control 228
Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA) 229
The Peak Cell Rate Reference Model 230
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) Tolerance 233
Managing LAN Traffic with the Available Bit Rate (ABR) 235
Examples of ABR Operations 235
Types of Feedback 238
Buildout Delay Procedures at the Receiving Endpoint 240
Summary 240
CHAPTER 10 Call and Connection Control 241
Introduction 24l
ATM Connections on Demand 241
The ATM Address 244
Addlress Registration 247
The Connection Control Messages 248
Conneetion Setups and Clears 248
Q,293l Timers and States 250
Connection Control Examples 251
Connection Setup 252
Connection Release 254
Restart Procedure 255
Status Inquity 256
Add Party 256
Drop Party 259
Signaling AAL Reset and Failure 259
Functions of Q.2931 Messages and Information Elements 260
Messages for Call Control 260
Messages for Restart Operations 260
Messages for Adding and Dropping
Parties 260
Descriptions of the Information
Elements 262
Examples of Q.293l Messages 269
Coding Conventions 269
AAL Parameters 270
User Traffic Descriptors 274
Summary 275
CHAPTER 11 Inkernetvvorking with ATM NetWorks 276
Introduction 276
The ATM Network as the Backbone for Other Networks 276
Using Q.293l to Support Protocol Capability (Tunneling) 277
Broadband Low-Layer Infomlation Element 280
The Network-to-Network Interface 283
The ATM B-ISDN Inter Carrier Interface (B-ICI) 284
Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI 287
Trafffic Management at the B-ICI 287
Reference Traffic Loads 287
B-ICI Layer Management Operations 288
Specific Intemetworking Services 289
PVC Cell Relay Service (CRS) 289
PVC Circuit Emulation Service (CES) 290
PVC Frame Relay Service (FRS) 290
SMDS Service 295
ATM Backbones for LANs 297
ATM LAN Emulation 299
ATM Edge Routers 301
ATM Virtual Routers 30l
RFC 1483 and RFC 1577 302
The ATM Data Exchange Interface (DXI) 303
DXI Modes 303
DXI Support for Frame Relay 308
Summaty 3lO
CHAPTER 12 Synchronous Optical Network(SONET) 311
Introduction 31l
Purpose of SONET 3ll
Present Transport Systems and SONET 313
Foundations for SONET 313
Synchronous Networks 315
Optical Fiber-The Bedrock for SONET 316
Pertinent Standards 317
Typical SONET Topology 319
SONET Configuration 32l
SONET Layers 323
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) 324
Payloads and Envelopes 326
Envelopes 326
Mapping ATM Cells into the SONET Envelope 329
Payload Pointers 330
Mapping and Multiplexing Operations 33l
The Control Headers and Fields 334
SONET Equipment 335
Progress in SONET Penetration 342
Summary 342
CHAPTER 13 Signaling:Operations,Administration,and Maintenance (OAM) 343
The Network Management Model 343
Operation and Maintenance (OAM) Operations 344
ATM Functions at the U-and M-Planes 347
U-Plane Operations 347
M-Plane Operations 349
End-to-End and Segment Flows 350
The SONET OAM Functions 353
Maintenance and Alarm Surveillance 353
Failure States 353
Alarm Indication Signals (AIS), FERF and Yellow Signals 354
Examples of Remedial Actions upon Entering a Failure State 355
The OAM Headers 356
Section Overhead 357
Line Overhead 358
STS Path Overhead (STS POH) 358
ATM Use of the OAM Octets 360
Using Payload Pointers for Troubleshooting Timing Problems 36l
OAM at the ATM Layer 362
Fault Management 362
Performance Management 364
Activation/Deactivation 367
The ATM Managemer.t Information Bases (MIBs) 368
The Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI) 369
The ILMI MIB Groups 370
ATM MIB (RFC 1695) 372
The ATM MIB Groups 372
The ILMI MIB and the ATM MIB 377
The Layer Management/ATM Primitives 379
Types of Sigllaling 379
Status of Common Channel Signaling Standards 379
Summary 380
CHAPTER 14 Physical Layer Services for ATM 381
Introduction 381
Physical Layer Options for ATM 381
The ATM/Physical Layer Primitives 382
ATM Mapping into SONET STS-3c 383
ATM Mapping into DS3 385
Other Aspects of the DS3 Scheme 387
ATM Mapping into the IOO Mbit/s Multimode Fiber Interface 387
Functions of the U-Plane Physical Layer 387
ATM Mapping into the 155.52 Mbit/s Private UNI 390
Multimode Fiber Interface 390
Shielded Twisted Pair Interface 390
Private UNI for 51.84 Mbit/s and Subrates 390
Mapping DS1, DS3, and CEPT Payloads into SONET Frames 392
The VT/VC Structure 393
Floating and Locked VT Mode 396
Interworking ATM and SONET 397
Summary 398
CHAPTER 15 The ATM Market 400
Introduction 400
Forecasts on the Use of ATM 400
ATM Over T1/E1 402
Trials and Test Beds 403
ATM Vendors 405
DEC and IBM ATM Efforts 409
ATM Progress in Europe 410
United Kingdom 41O
Examples of other Countries' ATM Efforts 412
Some Final Thoughts 412
References 414
Abbreviations 4l8
Index 42O
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