Preface
1 Introduction
1.1
History of Cellular Systems
1.2
Characteristics of Cellular Systems
1.3
Fundamentals of Cellular Systems
1.4
Cellular System Infrastructure
1.5
Satellite Systems
1.6
Network Protocols
1.7
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
1.8
Wireless LANs and PANs
1.9
Outline of the Book
Problems
Bibliography
Probability, Statistics, and Traffic Theories
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Basic Probability and Statistics Theories
2.2.1
Random Variables
2.2.2
Cumulative Distribution Function
2.2.3
Probability Density Function
2.2.4
Expected Value, nth Moment, nth Central Moment,and Variance
2.2.5
Some Important Distributions
2.2.6
Multiple Random Variables
2.3
Traffic Theory
2.3.1
Poisson Arrival Model
2.4
Basic Queuing Systems
2.4.1
What Is Queuing Theory
2.4.2
Basic Queuing Theory
2.4.3
Kendal]''s Notation
2.4.4
Little''s Law
2.4.5
Markov Process
2.4.6
Birth-Death Process
2.4.7
M/M/1/ Queuing System
2.4.8
M/M/S/ Queuing System
2.4.9
M/G/1/ Queuing System
2.5
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Mobile Radio Propagation
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Types of Radio Waves
3.3
Propagation Mechanisms
3.4
Free-Space Propagation
3.5
Land Propagation
3.6
Path Loss
3.7
Slow Fading
3.8
Fast Fading
3.8.1
Statistical Characteristics of Envelope
3.8.2
Characteristics of Instantaneous Amplitude
3.9
Doppler Effect
3.10 Delay Spread
3.11 Intersymbol Interference
3.12 Coherence Bandwidth
3.13 Cochannel Interference
3.14 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
4 Channel Coding
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Linear Block Codes
4.3
Cyclic Codes
4.4
Convolutional Codes
4.5
Interleaver
4.6
Turbo Codes
4.7
ARQ Techniques
4.7.1
Stop-And-Wait ARQ Scheme
4.7.2
Go-Back-N ARQ Scheme
4.7.3
Selective-Repeat ARQ Scheme
4.8
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
5 The Cellular Concept
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Cell Area
5.3
Signal Strength and Cell Parameters
5.4
Capacity of a Cell
5.5
Frequency Reuse
5.6
Cochannel Interference
5.7
Cell Splitting
5.8
Cell Sectoring
5.9
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Multiple Radio Access
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Multiple Radio Access Protocols
6.3
Contention-Based Protocols
6.3.1
ALOHA
6.3.2
Slotted ALOHA
6.3.3
CSMA
6.3.4
CSMA/CD
6.3.5
CSMA/CA
6.4
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Multiple Division Techniques
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Concepts and Models of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
7.2.1
FDMA
7.2.2
TDMA
7.2.3
CDMA
7.3
Modulation Techniques
7.3.1 AM
7.3.2 FM
7.3.3 FSK
7.3.4 PSK
7.3.5 QPSK
7.3.6 /4QPSK
7.3.7
QAM
7.3.8 16QAM
7.4
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
8 Channel Allocation
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Static versus Dynamic Allocation
8.3
Fixed Channel Allocation Schemes
8.3.1
Simple Borrowing Schemes
8.3.2
Complex Borrowing Schemes
8.4
Dynamic Channel Allocation
8.4.1
Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes
8.4.2
Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes
8.5
Other Channel Allocation Schemes
8.5.1
Hybrid Channel Allocation
8.5.2
Flexible Channel Allocation
8.6
Allocation in Specialized System Structure
8.6.1
Channel Allocation in One-Dimensional Systems
8.6.2
Reuse Partitioning-Based Channel Allocation
8.6.3
Overlapped Cells-Based Allocation
8.7
Channel Modeling
8.8
Modeling for Handoff Calls
8.9
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Mobile Communication Systems
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Cellular System Infrastructure
9.3
Registration
9.4
Handoff Parameters and Underlying Support
9.4.1
Parameters Influencing Handoff
9.4.2
Handoff Underlying Support
9.5
Roaming Support Using System Backbone
9.5.1
Home Agents, Foreign Agents, and Mobile IP
9.5.2
Rerouting in Backbone Routers
9.6
Multicasting
9.7
Security and Privacy
9.7.1
Encryption Techniques
9.7.2
Authentication
9.7.3
Wireless System Security
9.8
Summary
Problems
Bibliography
10 Existing Wireless Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Advanced Mobile Phone Systems AMPS
10,2.1
Characteristics of AMPS
10.2.2
Operation of AMPS
10.2.3
General Working of AMPS Phone System
10.3 IS-41
10.3.1
Introduction
10.3.2
Support Operations
10.4 Global System for Mobile Communications GSM
10.4.1
Frequency Bands and Channels
10.4.2
Frames in GSM
10.4.3
Identity Numbers Used by a GSM System
10.4.4
Layers, Planes, and Interfaces of GSM
10.5 Personal Communication Services PCS
10.5.1
Chronology of PCS Development
10.5.2
Bellcore View of PCS
10.6 IS-95
10.6.1
Power Control
10.7 International Mobile Telecommunications IMT-2000
10.7.1
International Spectrum Allocation
10.7.2
Services Provided by Third-Generation Cellular Systems
10.7.3
Harmonized 3G Systems
10.7.4
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS
10.8 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
11 Satellite Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Satellite Systems
11.3 Characteristics of Satellite Systems
11.4 Satellite System Infrastructures
11.5 Call Setup
11.6 Global Positioning System GPS
11.6.1
Limitations of GPS
11.6.2
Beneficiaries of GPS
11.7 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
12 Network Protocols
12.1 Introduction
12.2 OSI Model
12.2.1
Layer 1: Physical Layer
12.2.2
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
12.2.3
Layer 3: Network Layer
12.2.4
Layer 4: Transport Layer
12.2.5
Layer 5: Session Layer
12.2.6
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
12.2.7
Layer 7: Application Layer
12.3 TCP/IP Protocol
12.3.1
Physical and Data Link Layers
12.3.2
Network Layer
12.3.3
TCP
12.3.4
Application Layer
12.4 TCP over Wireless
12.4.1
Need for TCP over wireless
12.4.2
Limitations of Wired Version of TCP
12.4.3
Solutions for Wireless Environment
12.5 Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6
12.5.1
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
12.5.2
IPv6 Header Format
12.5.3
Features of IPv6
12.5.4
Differences between IPv6 and IPv4
12.6 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
13 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics of Ad Hoc Networks
13.3 Applications
13.4 Routing
13.4.1
Need for Routing
13.4.2
Routing Classification
13.5 Table-Driven Routing Protocols
13.5.1
Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing
13.5.2
Cluster-Head Gateway Switch Routing
13.5.3
Wireless Routing Protocol
13.6 Source-Initiated On-Demand Routing
13.6.1
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
13.6.2
Dynamic Source Routing
13.6.3
Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm
13.6.4
Associativity-Based Routing
13.6.5
Signal Stability-based Routing
13.7 Hybrid Protocols
13.7.1
Zone Routing Protocol
13.7.2
Fisheye State Routing
13.7.3
Landmark Routing LANMAR for MANET with Group Mobility
13.7.4
Location-Aided Routing
13.7.5
Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility
13.7.6
Relative Distance Microdiscovery Ad Hoc Routing
13.7.7
Power Aware Routing
13.7.8
Wireless Sensor Networks
13.7.9
DARPA Efforts toward Wireless Sensor Networks
13.7.10 Classification of Sensor Networks
13.7.11 Fundamentals of MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
13.8 Flat Routing in Sensor Networks
13.8.1
Directed Diffusion
13.8.2
SPIN
13.8.3
COUGAR
13.8.4
Hierarchical Routing in Sensor Networks
13.8.5
Cluster-Based Routing Protocol
13.8.6
Scalable Coordination
13.8.7
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy LEACH
13.8.8
Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Network TEEN
13.8.9
Adaptive Periodic Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol APTEEN
13.8.10 Adapting to the Inherent Dynamic Nature of Wireless Sensor Networks
13.9 Fixed Wireless Sensor Networks
13.10 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
14 Wireless LANs and PANs
14.1 Introduction
14.2 IEEE 802.11
14.3 Ricochet
14.3.1
Ricochet Wireless Modem
14.3.2
Services Provided by Ricochet
14.4 HomeRF
14.4.1
Introduction
14.4.2
HomeRF Technology
14.5 HiperLAN
14.6 Bluetooth
14.6.1
Architecture of Bluetooth System and Scatternet
14.7 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
15 Recent Advances
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ultra-Wideband Technology
15.2.1
UWB System Characteristics
15.2.2
UWB Signal Propagation
15.2.3
UWB Technology: Current Status and Applications
15.2.4
UWB Technology Advantages
15.2.5
UWB Technology Drawbacks
15.2.6
Challenges for UWB Technology
15.2.7
Future Directions
15.3 Multimedia Services Requirements
15.3.1
Media Codecs
15.3.2
File Formats
15.3.3
HTTP
15.3.4
Media Control Protocols
15.3.5
SIP
15.4 Mobility Management for Integrated Systems
15.5 Multicast in Wireless Networks
15.5.1
Recent Advances in Multicast over Mobile IP
15.5.2
Reliable Wireless Multicast Protocols
15.5.3
Future Directions
15.6 MANET Route Maintenance/Repair
15.7 Design Issues in Sensor Networks
15.7.1
Sensor Databases
15.7.2
Collaborative Information Processing
15.7.3
Operating System Design
15.8 Bluetooth Networks
15.8.1
Interference on Bluetooth Networks
15.8.2
Distributed Topology Construction
15.9 Low-Power Design
15.10 XML
15.10.1 HTML versus Markup Language
15.10.2 WML: XML Application for Wireless Handheld Devices
15.11 Threats and Security Issues
15.11.1 Security Threats to Wireless Networks
15.11.2 Why Existing Wired Solution Are Not Applicable for Wireless Networks
15.11.3 Current Approaches
15.12 Summary
Problems
Bibliography
A Erlang B Table
B Simulation Projects
Acronyms
Index
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