1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications 1.2 Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S. 1.3 Mobile Radio Systems Around the World 1.4 Examples of Wireless Communication Systems 1.4.1 Paging Systems 1.4.2 Cordless Telephone Systems 1.4.3 Cellular Telephone Systems 1.4.4 Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems 1.5 Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications 1.6 Problems 2 Modern Wireless Communication Systems 2.1 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks 2.1.1 Evolution to 2.5G Wireless Networks 2.1.2 Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards 2.1.3 IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA 2.2 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks 2.2.1 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) 2.2.2 3G cdma2000 2.2.3 3G TD-SCDMA 2.3 Wireless Local Loop(WLL)and LMDS 2.4 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 2.5 Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks(PANs) 2.6 Summary 2.7 Problems 3 The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Frequency Reuse 3.3 Channel Assignment Strategies 3.4 Handoff Strategies 3.4.1 Prioritizing Handoffs 3.4.2 Practical Handoff Considerations 3.5 Interference and System Capacity 3.5.1 Co-channel Interference and System Capacity 3.5.2 Channel Planning for Wireless Systems 3.5.3 Adjacent Channel Interference 3.5.4 Power Control for Reducing Interference 3.6 Trunking and Grade of Service 3.7 Improving Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems 3.7.1 Cell Splitting 3.7.2 Sectoring 3.7.3 Repeaters for Range Extension 3.7.4 A Microcell Zone Concept 3.8 Summary 3.9 Problems 4 Mobile Radio Propagation:Large-Scale Path Loss 4.1 Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation 4.2 Free Space Propagation Model 4.3 Relating Power to Electric Field 4.4 The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms 4.5 Reflection 4.5.1 Reflection from Dielectrics 4.5.2 Brewster Angle 4.5.3 Reflection from Perfect Conductors 4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray)Model 4.7 Diffraction 4.7.1 Fresnel Zone Geometry 4.7.2 Knife-edge Diffraction Model 4.7.3 Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction 4.8 Scattering 4.8.1 Radar Cross Section Model 4.9 Practical Lind Budget Design Using Path Loss Models 4.9.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model 4.9.2 Log-normal Shadowing 4.9.3 Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area 4.10 Outdoor Propagation Models 4.10.1 Longley-Rice Model 4.10.2 Durkin's Model-A Case Study 4.10.3 Okumura Model 4.10.4 Hata Model 4.10.5 PCS Extension to Hata Model 4.10.6 Walfisch and Bertooni Model 4.10.7 Wideband PCS Microcell Model 4.11 Indoor Propagation Models 4.11.1 Partition Losses (same floor) 4.11.2 Partition Losses between Floors 4.11.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model 4.11.4 Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model 4.11.5 Attenuation Factor Model 4.12 Signal Penetration into Buildings 4.13 Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling 4.14 Problems 5 Mobile Radio Propagation:Small-Scale Fading and Multipath 5.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation 5.1.1 Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading 5.1.2 Doppler Shift 5.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel 5.2.1 Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power 5.3 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements 5.3.1 Direct RF Pulse System 5.3.2 Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding 5.3.3 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding 5.4 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels 5.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 5.4.2 Coherence Bandwidth 5.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 5.5 Types of Small-Scale Fading 5.5.1 Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread 5.5.2 Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread 5.6 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions 5.6.1 Rayleigh Fading Distribution 5.6.2 Ricean Fading Distribution 5.7 Statistical Model for Multipath Fading Channels 5.7.1 Clarke's Model for Flat Fading 5.7.2 Simulation of Clarke and Gans Fading Model 5.7.3 Level Crossing and Fading Statistics 5.7.4 Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model 5.7.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model 5.7.6 SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models 5.8 Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels 5.8.1 Introduction to Shape Factors 5.8.2 Examples of Fading Behavior 5.8.3 Second-Order Statistics Using Shape Factors 5.8.4 Applying Shape Factors to Wideband Channels 5.8.5 Revisiting Classical Channel Models with Shape Factors 5.9 Summary 5.10 Problems 6 Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio 6.1 Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation 6.2 Amplitude Modulation 6.2.1 Single Sideband AM 6.2.2 Pilot Tone SSB 6.2.3 Demodulation of AM signals 6.3 Angle Modulation 6.3.1 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM Signals 6.3.2 FM Modulation Methods 6.3.3 FM Detection Techniques 6.3.4 Tradeoff Between SNR and Bandwidth in an FM Signal 6.4 Digital Modulation-an Overview 6.4.1 Factors That Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation 6.4.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 6.5 Line Coding 6.6 Pulse Shaping Techniques 6.6.1 Nyquist Criterion for ISI Cancellation 6.6.2 Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter 6.6.3 Gaussian Pulse-Shaping Filter 6.7 Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals 6.8 Linear Modulation Techniques 6.8.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 6.8.2 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 6.8.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 6.8.4 QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques 6.8.5 Offset QPSK 6.9 Constant Envelope Modulation 6.9.1 Binary Frequency Shift Keying 6.9.2 Minimum Shift Keying(MSK) 6.9.3 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(GMSK) 6.10 Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques 6.10.1 M-ary Phase Shift Keying(MPSK) 6.10.2 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) 6.10.3 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and OFDM 6.11 Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques 6.11.1 Pseudo-Noise(PN)Sequences 6.11.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DS-SS) 6.11.3 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum(FH-SS) 6.11.4 Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 6.11.5 Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 6.12 Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels 6.12.1 Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow Flat-Fading Channels 6.12.2 Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels 6.12.3 Performance of DQPSK in Fading and Interference 6.13 Problems 7 Equalization,Diversity,and Channel Coding 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamentals of Equalization 7.3 Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer 7.4 Equalizers in a Communications Receiver 7.5 Survey of Equalization Techniques 7.6 Linear Equalizers 7.7 Nonlinear Equalization 7.7.1 Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE) 7.7.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation(MLSE)Equalizer 7.8 Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization 7.8.1 Zero Forcing Algorithm 7.8.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.8.3 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm 7.8.4 Summary of Algorithms 7.9 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 7.10 Diversity Techniques 7.10.1 Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement 7.10.2 Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement 7.10.3 Practical Space Diversity Considerations 7.10.4 Polarization Diversity 7.10.5 Frequency Diversity 7.10.6 Time Diversity 7.11 RAKE Receiver 7.12 Interleaving 7.13 Fundamentals of Channel Coding 7.14 Block Codes and Finite Fields 7.14.1 Examples of Block Codes 7.14.2 Case Study:Reed-Solomon Codes for CDPD 7.15 Convolutional Codes 7.15.1 Decoding of Convolutional Codes 7.16 Coding Gain 7.17 Trellis Coded Modulation 7.18 Turbo Codes 7.19 Problems 8 Speech Coding 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Characteristics of Speech Signals 8.3 Quantization Techniques 8.3.1 Uniform Quantization 8.3.2 Nonuniform Quantization 8.3.3 Adaptive Quantization 8.3.4 Vector Quantization 8.4 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 8.5 Frequency Domain Coding of Speech 8.5.1 Sub-band Coding 8.5.2 Adaptive Transform Coding 8.6 Vocoders 8.6.1 Channel Vocoders 8.6.2 Formant Vocoders 8.6.3 Cepstrum Vocoders 8.6.4 Voice-Excited Vocoder 8.7 Linear Predictive Coders 8.7.1 LPC Vocoders 8.7.2 Multipulse Excited LPC 8.7.3 Code-Excited LPC 8.7.4 Residual Excited LPC 8.8 Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications 8.9 The GSM Codec 8.10 The USDC Codec 8.11 Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders 8.12 Problems 9 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Introduction to Multiple Access 9.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) 9.3 Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) 9.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access 9.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access(FHMA) 9.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) 9.4.3 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques 9.5 Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA) 9.6 Packet Radio 9.6.1 Packet Radio Protocols 9.6.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access(CSMA) Protocols 9.6.3 Reservation Protocols 9.6.4 Capture Effect in Packet Radio 9.7 Capacity of Cellular Systems 9.7.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA 9.7.2 Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells 9.7.3 Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access 9.8 Problems 10 Wireless Networking 10.1 Introduction to Wireless Networks 10.2 Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks 10.2.1 The Public Switched Telephone Networks(PSTN) 10.2.2 Limitations in Wireless Networking 10.2.3 Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN 10.3 Development of Wireless Networks 10.3.1 First Generation Wireless Networks 10.3.2 Second Generation Wireless Networks 10.3.3 Third Generation Wireless Networks 10.4 Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy 10.5 Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks 10.5.1 Circuit Switching 10.5.2 Packet Switching 10.5.3 The X.25 Protocol 10.6 Wireless Data Services 10.6.1 Cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD) 10.6.2 Advanced Radio Data Information Systems(ARDIS) 10.6.3 RAM Mobile Data(RMD) 10.7 Common Channel Signaling(CCS) 10.7.1 The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS 10.8 Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) 10.8.1 Broadband ISDN and ATM 10.9 Signaling System No.7(SS7) 10.9.1 Network Services Part (NSP)of SS7 10.9.2 The SS8 User Part 10.9.3 Signaling Traffic in SS7 10.9.4 SS7 Services 10.9.5 Performance of SS7 10.10 An Example of SS7-Global Cellular Network Interoperability 10.11 Personal Communication Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs) 10.11.1 Packet vs. Circuit Switching for PCN 10.11.2 Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture 10.12 Protocols for Network Access 10.12.1 Packet Reservation Multiple Access(PRMA) 10.13 Network Databases 10.13.1 Distributed Database for Mobility Management 10.14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System(UMTS) 10.15 Summary 11 Wireless Systems and Standards 11.1 AMPS and ETACS 11.1.1 AMPS and ETACS System Overview 11.1.2 Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS 11.1.3 AMPS nad ETACS Air Interface 11.1.4 N-AMPS 11.2 United States Digital Cellular(IS-54 and IS-136) 11.2.1 USDC Radio Interface 11.2.2 United States Digital Cellular Derivatives (IS-94 and IS-136) 11.3 Global System for Mobile (GSM) 11.3.1 GSM Services and Featrues 11.3.2 GSM System Architecture 11.3.3 GSM Radio Subsystem 11.3.4 GSM Channel Types 11.3.5 Example of a GSM Call 11.3.6 Frame Structure for GSM 11.3.7 Signal Processing in GSM 11.4 CDMA Digital Cellular Standard(IS-95) 11.4.1 Frequency and Channel Specifications 11.4.2 Forward CDMA Channel 11.4.3 Reverse CDMA Channel 11.4.4 IS-95 with 14.4 kbps Speech Coder [ANS95] 11.5 CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones 11.5.1 CT2 Services and Features 11.5.2 The CT2 Standard 11.6 Digital European Cordless Telephone(DECT) 11.6.1 Features and Characteristics 11.6.2 DECT Architecture 11.6.3 DECT Functional Concept 11.6.4 DECT Radio Link 11.7 PACS-Persoonal Access Communication Systems 11.7.1 PACS System Architecture 11.7.2 PACS Radio Interface 11.8 Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) 11.9 Personal Handyphone System(PHS) 11.10 US PCS and ISM Bands 11.11 US Wireless Cable Television 11.12 Summary of Standards Throughout the World 11.13 Problems APPENDICES A Trunking Theory A.1 Erlang B A.1.1 Derivation of Erlang B A.2 Erlang C A.2.1 Derivation of Erlang C B Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets C Rate Variance Relationships for Shape Factor Theory C.1 Rate Variance for Complex Voltage C.2 Rate Variance for Power C.3 Rate Variance for Envelope D Approximate Spatial Autocovariance Function for Shape Factor Theory E Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA E.1 The Gaussian Approximation E.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation(IGA) E.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation(SEIGA) F Q,erf & erfc Functions F.1 The Q-Function F.2 The erf and erfc Functions G Mathematical Tables,Functions,and Transforms H Abbreviations and Acronyms I References INDEX
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