Preface
Tostudents
Howtousethisbook
Totutors
Part1Writingexperimentalreports
1Somepreliminaries
1.1Experiencedstudents,inexperiencedstudentsandthereport
1.2Writingthereport
1.3Theimportanceofreferencinginthetext
1.4Thereportasaresearchinstrument
1.5Findingthingstowriteabout:howtogetmorereferences
1.5.1Wheretostart
1.5.2Waysofaddingtoyourreferences
1.6Experimentalethics
2TheINTRODUCTIONsection
2.1ThefirstpartoftheINTRODUCTION:reviewingthebackgroundtoyourstudy
2.2Inexperiencedstudents,experiencedstudentsandtheINTRODUCTION
2.3Yourownstudy
3TheMETHODsection
3.1TheDESIGNsubsection
3.2ThePARTICIPANTSsubsection
3.3TheAPPARATUSorMATERIALSsubsection
3.4ThePROCEDUREsubsection
3.5Interactingwithandinstructingparticipants
3.6OptionaladditionalsubsectionsoftheMETHOD
3.6.1Pilottest
3.6.2Ethicalissues
3.6.3Statisticalpower
4TheRESULTSsection
4.1Describingthedata
4.2Analysingthedata
4.3AnexampleRESULTSsection
4.4MistakestoavoidintheRESULTSsection
4.5Rejectingornotrejectingthenullhypothesis
4.6Reportingspecificstatistics
4.6.1Chi-square,X2
4.6.2Spearmanrankcorrelationcoefficient(rho),rs
4.6.3Pearson'sproductmomentcorrelationcoefficient,r
4.6.4Mann-WhitneyUtest,U
4.6.5Wilcoxon'sMatched-PairsSigned-RanksTest,T
4.6.6Kruskal-Wallisone-wayanalysisofvariance,H
4.6.7Friedman'sANOVA,X2r
4.6.8Thettest(independentandrelated),t
4.6.9Analysisofvariance(ANOVA),F
4.6.10Do'sanddon'tswhenreportingANOVA
4.6.11Statisticsofeffectsize
5TheDISCUSSIONsection
5.1Howwelldothefindingsfitthepredictions?
5.2Whatdothefindingsmean?
5.3Whataretheimplicationsofthesefindings?
5.4Whattodowhenyou'vebeenunabletoanalyseyourdataproperly
5.5Externalvalidity:thegeneralizabilityoffindings
5.6SometipstohelpyoutoavoidsomecommonfailingsintheDISCUSSION
5.7TwoexampleDISCUSSIONsections
5.7.1Thecheeseandnightmareexperiment
5.7.2Themnemonicexperiment
6TheTITLEandABSTRACT
6.1TheTITLE
6.2TheABSTRACT
7Referencesandappendices
7.1TheREFERENCESsection
7.2GeneralrulesfortheREFERENCESsection
7.3Citingspecifictypesofreference
7.4Citingelectronicandonlinesources
7.5Appendices
8Producingthefinalversionofthereport
8.1Writingstyle
8.2Definitionsandabbreviations
8.3Referencesinthetext
8.4Tablesandfigures
8.5Graphingdata
8.5.1OneIVwithtwolevels
8.5.2Errorbars
8.5.3OneIVwithmorethantwolevels
8.5.4MorethanoneIV
8.6Draftingthereport
8.7Producingthefinalversion
Checklistforreportwriting
Whatthemarkerislookingfor
Part2Designingexperiments
9Experimentinginpsychology
9.1Experimenting
9.1.1Theexperiment
9.1.2Experimentalandcontrolconditions
9.1.3Control:eliminatingconfoundingvariables
9.1.4Experimentalandnullhypotheses
9.1.5Moreoncontrollingvariables
9.2Correlation
9.3Description
10ExperimentaldesignI
10.1Unrelatedandrelatedsamplesindependentvariables
10.2Othernamesforunrelatedandrelatedsamplesindependentvariables
10.3Decidingbetweenrelatedandunrelatedsamples
10.4Relatedsamples
10.4.1Advantages
10.4.2Disadvantages
10.4.3Controllingforordereffects
10.5Principalalternativestorelatedsamples
10.6Unrelatedsamples
10.6.1Advantages
10.6.2Disadvantages
10.6.3Waysaroundthesedisadvantages
10.7Matchingparticipants
10.8Theexternalvalidityofyourexperiment
10.9Theinternalvalidityofyourexperiment
10.10Ethics:theself-esteemandwelfareofyourparticipants
10.10.1Informedconsent
10.10.2Debriefingyourparticipants
10.10.3Dataconfidentiality
11Statistics:significancetesting
11.1Inferentialstatistics
11.2Testingforstatisticalsignificance
11.3TypeIandtypeIIerrors
11.4Choosingastatisticaltest
11.5Two-tailedandone-tailedtests
11.6Testingforstatisticalsignificance:summaryoftheprocedure
12Statistics:effectsizeandpower
12.1Effectsize
12.2Power
12.2.1Estimatingpower
12.2.2Increasingthepowerofourexperiments
12.3Effectsizeandpower:reportingandinterpretingfindings
12.3.1Reportingforthosewhodonotknowhowtocalculatepoweroreffectsizestatistics
12.3.2Reportingforthosewhohavebeentaughthowtocalculatepoweroreffectsizestatistics
13ExperimentaldesignII
13.1Extendingthenumberoflevelsontheindependentvariable
13.1.1UnrelatedsamplesIVs
13.1.2RelatedsamplesIVs
13.2Experimentaldesignswithtwoormoreindependentvariables
13.3Labellingdesignsthathavetwoormoreindependentvariables
13.4Maineffectsofindependentvariables
13.5Statisticalinteractions
13.6AnalysingdesignsinvolvingtwoormoreIVs
13.7Graphingstatisticalinteractions
13.8Watchoutfor"IVs"thatarenottrueindependentvariables
13.9Somefinaltipstohelpyoutodesignbetterexperimentsandwritebetterreports
13.9.1Thebasicrule
13.9.2Gettingreliablemeasuresofthedependentvariable
13.9.3Pilottesting
13.9.4Thepost-experimentalinterview
13.9.5Checkandscreenyourdatabeforestatisticalanalysis
13.10Aboveall,randomizeproperly
Commentary
Recommendedreading
AnswerstoSAQs
References
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