Preface v. 1 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 1 1.1 Object-Oriented and Procedural Programming 2 Relationships 4 1.2 Classes and Abstract Data Types 5 Information Hiding 5 Encapsulation 6 Abstract Data Types 6 1.3 The Client/Server Model and Message Passing 9 The Client/Server Model 9 Message Passing and Method Invocation 10 1.4 Inheritance and Polymorphism 12 Inheritance 12 Polymorphism 13 Polymorphism and Recursion 14 1.5 Interfaces and Components 17 Component Technology 19 2 FROM C TO C++ 21 2.1 Namespaces 22 2.2 Introduction to C++ Input/Output 27 Manipulators 29 Mixing C and C++ Input/Output 34 2.3 Files 35 Testing Whether Files Are Open 37 2.4 C++ Features 38 Casts 38 static_cast 38 const_cast 39 reinterpret_cast 40 dynamic_cast 40 Constants 40 The DataType bool 40 Enumerated Types 41 Defining Variables 42 Structures 43 2.5 The Type string 44 Defining string Variables 45 Conversion to C-Style Strings 45 String Length 45 Writing and Reading strings 45 Assignment 47 Concatenation 48 Modifying Strings 48 Extracting a Substring 51 Searching 51 Comparing Strings 53 2.6 Functions 56 Prototypes 56 The main Function 57 References 57 Call by Reference 58 Return by Reference 59 Inline Functions 62 Default Arguments 63 Overloading Functions 64 Function Signatures 65 2.7 The new and delete Operators 70 2.8 Exception Handling 73 C++ Postscript 78 Keywords 78 Unnamed Namespaces 78 Anonymous Unions 78 The Member Selector Operators 79 Common Programming Errors 83 Programming Exercises 93 3 CLASSES 98 3.1 Classes and Objects 99 Class Declarations 99 Information Hiding in C++ 100 The Member Selector Operator 10! Class Scope 103 The Difference between the Keywords class and struct 103 Defining Class Methods 104 Using Classes in a Program 106 3.2 Sample Application: A Stack Class 109 3.3 Efficiency and Robustness Issues for Classes and Objects 112 Passing and Returning Objects by Reference 113 Object References as const Parameters 113 const Methods 114 Overloading Methods to Handle Two Types of Strings 116 3.4 Sample Application: A Time Stamp Class 117 3.5 Constructors and the Destructor 124 Constructors 124 Arrays of Class Objects and the Default Constructor 127 Restricting Object Creation Through Constructors 127 The Copy Constructor 129 Defining a Copy Constructor 129 Disabling Passing and Returning by Value for Class Objects 135 Convert Constructors 136 The Convert Constructor and Implicit Type Conversion 137 Constructor Initializers 138 Constructors and the Operators new and new[ ] 139 The Destructor 139 3.6 Sample Application: A Task Class 145 3.7 Class Data Members and Methods 151 static Variables Defined Inside Methods 155 3.8 Pointers to Objects 157 The Pointer Constant this 159 Common Programming Errors 161 Programming Exercises 169 4 INHERITANCE 175 4.1 Introduction 176 4.2 Basic Concepts and Syntax 178 private Members in Inheritance 180 Adjusting Access 181 Name Hiding 182 Indirect Inheritance 183 4.3 Sample Application: Tracking Films 185 4.4 protected Members .190 4.5 Constructors and Destructors Under Inheritance 195 Constructors Under Inheritance 195 Derived Class Constructor Rules 198 Destructors Under Inheritance 202 4.6 Sample Application: A Sequence Hierarchy 205 4.7 Multiple Inheritance 216 Inheritance and Access 217 Virtual Base Classes 218 C++ Postscript 221 Protected Inheritance 221 private Inheritance 222 Common Programming Errors 223 Programming Exercises 226 5 POLYMORPHISM 229 5.1 Run-Time versus Compile-Time Binding in C++ 230 Requirements for C++ Polymorphism 231 Inheriting virtual Methods 235 Run-Time Binding and the Vtable 236 Constructors and the Destructor 237 virtual Destructors 237 Object Methods and Class Methods 240 5.2 Sample Application: Tracking Films Revisited 242 5.3 Name Overloading, Name Overriding, and Name Hiding 252 Name Overloading 252 Name Overriding 253 Name Hiding 255 Name Sharing in C++ Programming 257 5.4 Abstract Base Classes 260 Abstract Base Classes and Pure virtu1 Methods 260 Restrictions on Pure Functions 262 Uses of Abstract Base Classes 262 Microsoft's IUnknown Interface 263 5.5 Run-Time Type Identification 265 The dynamic_cast Operator 265 The Rules for dynamic_cast and static_cast 271 Summary of dynamic_cast and Static_cast 272 The typeid Operator 272 Extending RTTI 274 C++ Postscript 275 Strong and Weak Polymorphism 275 Common Programming Errors 276 Programming Exercises 280 6 OPERATOR OVERLOADING 285 6.1 Basic Operator Overloading 286 Operator Precedence and Syntax 289 6.2 Sample Application: A Complex Number Class 291 6.3 Operator Overloading Using Top-Level Functions 296 6.4 friend Functions 302 6.5 Overloading the Input and Output Operators 305 6.6 Overloading the Assignment Operator 307 6.7 Overloading Some Special Operators 311 Overloading the Subscript OperatOr 312 Overloading the Function Call Operator 315 Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators 318 Type Conversions 321 6.8 Sample Application: An Associative Array 324 6.9 Memory Management Operators 329 C++ Postscript 334 friend Classes 334 Common Programming Errors 335 Programming Exercises 338 7 TEMPLATES AND THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY 340 7.1 Template Basics 341 Template Instantiations 345 Template Classes in a Parameter List 347 Function-Style Parameters 348 7.2 Sample Application: A Template Stack Class 351 Assertions 358 7.3 The Standard Template Library 359 Containers, Algorithms, and Iterators 360 Reasons for Using STL 360 Container Basics 362 Basic Sequential Containers: vector,deque,and list 363 Efficiency of vectors,deques,and lists 367 Basic Associative Containers: set,multiset,map,and multimap 367 Container Adaptors 370 Other Containers 372 Algorithms 377 Other STL Constructs 382 7.4 Sample Application: Stock Performance Reports 385 C++ Postscript 394 Template Classes and Inheritance 394 Common Programming Errors 395 Programming Exercises 397 8 THE C++ INPUT/OUTPUT CLASS HIERARCHY 402 8.1 Overview 403 Templates 407 8.2 The Classes ios_base and basic_ios 408 ios_base 408 basic_ios 414 Exceptions 416 8.3 The High-Level Input/Output Classes 419 basic_istream 419 basic_ostream 424 basic_iostream 426 8.4 Manipulators 428 8.5 The File Input/Output Classes 432 basic_ofstream 433 basic_ifstream 434 basic_fstream 436 8.6 Sample Application: A Random Access File Class 438 8.7 The Character Stream Input/Output Classes 457 basic_ostringstream 457 basic_istringstream 458 basic_stringstream 460 8.8 Sample Application: A High-Level Copy Function 461 8.9 The Buffer Classes 463 basic_streambuf 463 basic_filebuf 465 basic_stringbuf 472 C++ Postscript 474 Common Programming Errors 475 Programming Exercises 477 9 OBIECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IN THE MICROSOFT FOUNDATION CLASSES 479 9.1 Windows Programming in MFC 48| Code Generators for MFC Programming 482 9.2 The Document/View Architecture in MFC 483 Document Serialization 486 9.3 Sample Application: Document Serialization 489 9.4 The Common Object Model 503 Changeable Servers and Unchangeable Interfaces 505 The Interface Hierarchy 505 The IDispatch Interface 506 Types of COM Applications 507 VC++ Support for COM 508 COM and OLE 508 9.5 Sample Application: An Automation Server and Controller 510 The Challenge of Reference Counting 522 C++ Postscript 523 Acronyms Used in Chapter 9 523 Programming Exercises 524 APPENDICES A ASCII TASTE 527 B SEtECTED C++ FUNCTIONS AND METHODS 531 HINTS AND SOtUTIONS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 573 INDEX 601
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