Acknowledgements Introduction Section I Issues in teaching and researching speaking Conceptual and historical background Introduction The skill of speaking The nature of speech in contrast to writing Where does speech fit in language studies? Summary The research space： paradigms and problems Introduction Classical research paradigms in relation to researching speaking Attitudes to speech data The applicability of research approaches and frameworks to the study of speech The problem of the status of speech in applied linguistics Where are the data for research into speech? Summary Section II Issues for teaching and assessing speaking Approaches, materials and the problem of real speech Introduction Spoken interaction in context Teaching global speaking skills Teaching spoken grammar Perspectives on pronunciation and fluency Bringing the skills together Summary Issues in assessing speaking Introduction Language proficiency versus speaking proficiency The issue of interactivity The issue of creating authentic conditions for speech testing The issue of spoken genres and testing Integrated versus discrete skills testing A comparison of test paradigms for oral assessment The criteria for three tests of speaking compared Summary Approaches to researching speech Introduction Research into global features of speech Grammar, structural choices and the spoken language Research into fluency and pronunciation Sunmmary Some new directions Introduction Mode-based research Theoretical orientations on the role and status of speech Evidence from speech pathology Modality, processing and memory Speaking, writing and teaching spoken/writren forms of language Summary of central issues discussed in relation to newapproaches to speech Summary Section III Researching speaking Classrooms, research and spoken mode Introduction Implications of the nature of spoken discourse on teaching speech Moving towards your own project on spoken discourse Sources of inspiration for research Research project ideas and frameworks Introduction Projects on oral interaction： a discourse analysis approach and an experimental approach Projects on one particular spoken discourse feature： an action-research approach and a conversation analysis approach Projects on oral task difficulty： two approaches to quantifying complexity Projects on differences between mode： two experimental approaches Section IV Resources and further information Research borders and boundaries Introduction Speaking and ethnographic or cross-cultural studies Speaking and psycholinguistics Speaking and neuro-linguistic studies Speaking and corpus linguistics Speaking and new technologies Research resources Traditional library resources Databases and sound archives （both on-line and on CD-ROM） Speech corpora Societies and organisations Speech recognition and text-to-speech On-line pronunciation and intonation resources Research skills summaries Other on-line resources Glossary References Index
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