General Editors Preface Authors Acknowledgements Introduction Section h What is autonomy? The history of autonomy in language learning Origins of the concept Autonomy and self-access Autonomy and learner training Autonomy and individualisation Autonomy and interdependence Why autonomy? Why now? The two faces of autonomy Autonomy beyond the field of language education Educational reform Adult education The psychology of learning Political philosophy Defining and describing autonomy Levels of control Measuring autonomy Autonomy and culture Control as a natural attribute of learning Self-management in learning Learner agendas in the classroom Control of psychological factors influencing learning The seeds of autonomy Levels of control Control over learning management Control over cognitive processes Control over learning content Conclusion Section II： Autonomy in practice Fostering autonomy Resource-based approaches Self-access Self-instruction and distance learning The effectiveness of resource-based learning Technology-based approaches Computer-assisted language learning The Internet The effectiveness of technology-based approaches Learner-based approaches Learner development and language learning Learner development and autonomy The effectiveness of learner-based approaches Classroom-based approaches Planning classroom learning Evaluating classroom learning The nature of control in the classroom The effectiveness of classroom-based approaches Curriculum-based approaches The process syllabus Examples of curriculum-based approaches The effectiveness of curriculum-based approaches Teacher-based approaches Teacher roles Teacher autonomy The effectiveness of teacher-based approaches Conclusion Section III： Researching Autonomy Research methods and key areas of research Action research Key areas of research Case studies Case study： ethnicity and attitudes towards autonomy Case study： out-of-class learning Case study： reflection Case study： decision making in the process syllabus Case study： language acquisition in autonomous classrooms Case study： developing autonomy Conclusion Section IV： Resources Resources for research and practice Books， journals and newsletters Conferences and workshops Professional associations E-mail lists Web sites Bibliographies Self-access centres References Index
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