1 Introduction 1.1 Decomposition and Abstraction 1.2 Abstraction 1.2.1 Abstraction by Parameterization 1.2.2 Abstraction by Specification 1.2.3 Kinds of Abstractions 1.3 The Remainder of the Book Exercises 2 Understanding Objects in Java 2.1 Program Structure 2.2 Packages 2.3 Objects and Variables 2.3.1 Mutability 2.3.2 Method Call Semantics 2.4 Type Checking 2.4.1 Type Hierarchy 2.4.2 Conversions and Overloading 2.5 Dispatching 2.6 Types 2.6.1 Primitive Object Types 2.6.2 Vectors 2.7 Stream Input/Output 2.8 Java Applications Exercises 3 Procedural Abstraction 3.1 The Benefits of Abstraction 3.2 Specifications 3.3 Specifications of Procedural Abstractions 3.4 Implementing Procedures 3.5 Designing Procedural Abstractions 3.6 Summary Exercises 4 Exceptions 4.1 Specifications 4.2 The Java Exception Mechanism 4.2.1 Exception Types 4.2.2 Defining Exception Types 4.2.3 Throwing Exceptions 4.2.4 Handling Exceptions 4.2.5 Coping with Unchecked Exceptions 4.3 Programming with Exceptions 4.3.1 Reflecting and Masking 4.4 Design Issues 4.4.1 When to Use Exceptions 4.4.2 Checked versus Unchecked Exceptions 4.5 Defensive Programming 4.6 Summary Exercises 5 Data Abstraction 5.1 Specifications for Data Abstractions 5.1.1 Specification of IntSet 5.1.2 The Poly Abstraction 5.2 Using Data Abstractions 5.3 Implementing Data Abstractions 5.3.1 Implementing Data Abstractions in Java 5.3.2 Implementation of IntSet 5.3.3 Implementation of Poly 5.3.4 Records 5.4 Additional Methods 5.5 Aids to Understanding Implementations 5.5.1 The Abstraction Function 5.5.2 The Representation Invariant 5.5.3 Implementing the Abstraction Function and Rep Invariant 5.5.4 Discussion 5.6 Properties of Data Abstraction Implementations 5.6.1 Benevolent Side Effects 5.6.2 Exposing the Rep 5.7 Reasoning about Data Abstractions 5.7.1 Preserving the Rep Invariant 5.7.2 Reasoning about Operations 5.7.3 Reasoning at the Abstract Level 5.8 Design Issues 5.8.1 Mutability 5.8.2 Operation Categories 5.8.3 Adequacy 5.9 Locality and Modifiability 5.10 Summary Exercises 6 Iteration Abstraction 6.1 Iteration in Java 6.2 Specifying Iterators 6.3 Using Iterators 6.4 Implementing Iterators 6.5 Rep Invariants and Abstraction Functions for Generators 6.6 Ordered Lists 6.7 Design Issues 6.8 Summary Exercises 7 Type Hierarchy 7.1 Assignment and Dispatching 7.1.1 Assignment 7.1.2 Dispatching 7.2 Defining a Type Hierarchy 7.3 Defining Hierarchies in Java 7.4 A Simple Example 7.5 Exception Types 7.6 Abstract Classes 7.7 Interfaces 7.8 Multiple Implementations 7.8.1 Lists 7.8.2 Polynomials 7.9 The Meaning of Subtypes 7.9.1 The Methods Rule 7.9.2 The Properties Rule 7.9.3 Equality 7.10 Discussion of Type Hierarchy 7.11 Summary Exercises 8 Polymorphic Abstractions 8.1 Polymorphic Data Abstractions 8.2 Using Polymorphic Data Abstractions 8.3 Equality Revisited 8.4 Additional Methods 8.5 More Flexibility 8.6 Polymorphic Procedures 8.7 Summary Exercises 9 Specifications 9.1 Specifications and Specificand Sets 9.2 Some Criteria for Specifications 9.2.1 Restrictiveness 9.2.2 Generality 9.2.3 Clarity 9.3 Why Specifications? 9.4 Summary Exercises 10 Testing and Debugging 10.1 Testing 10.1.1 Black-Box Testing 10.1.2 Glass-Box Testing 10.2 Testing Procedures 10.3 Testing Iterators 10.4 Testing Data Abstractions 10.5 Testing Polymorphic Abstractions 10.6 Testing a Type Hierarchy 10.7 Unit and Integration Testing 10.8 Tools for Testing 10.9 Debugging 10.10 Defensive Programming 10.11 Summary Exercises 11 Requirements Analysis 11.1 The Software Life Cycle 11.2 Requirements Analysis Overview 11.3 The Stock Tracker 11.4 Summary Exercises 12 Requirements Specifications 12.1 Data Models 12.1.1 Subsets 12.1.2 Relations 12.1.3 Textual Information 12.2 Requirements Specifications 12.3 Requirements Specification for Stock Tracker 12.3.1 The Data Model 12.3.2 Stock Tracker Specification 12.4 Requirements Specification for a Search Engine 12.5 Summary Exercises 13 Design 13.1 An Overview of the Design Process 13.2 The Design Notebook 13.2.1 The Introductory Section 13.2.2 The Abstraction Sections 13.3 The Structure of Interactive Programs 13.4 Starting the Design 13.5 Discussion of the Method 13.6 Continuing the Design 13.7 The Query Abstraction 13 8 The WordTable Abstraction 13.9 Finishing Up 13.10 Interaction between FP and UI 13.11 Module Dependency Diagrams versus Data Models 13.12 Review and Discussion 13.12.1 Inventing Helpers 13.12.2 Specifying Helpers 13.12.3 Continuing the Design 13.12.4 The Design Notebook 13.13 Top-Down Design 13.14 Summary Exercises 14 Between Design and Implementation 14.1 Evaluating a Design 14.1.1 Correctness and Performance 14.1.2 Structure 14.2 Ordering the Program development Process 14.3 Summary Exercises 15 Design Patterns 15.1 Hiding Object Creation 15.2 Neat Hacks 15.2.1 Flyweights 15.2.2 Singletons 15.2.3 The State Pattern 15.3 The Bridge Pattern 15.4 Procedures Should Be Objects Too 15.5 Composites 15.5.1 Traversing the Tree 15.6 The Power of Indirection 15.7 Publish/Subscribe 15.7.1 Abstracting Control 15.8 Summary Exercises Glossary Index
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