Acknowledgments Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Carrier Network Architectures IP as Unifying Protocol Infrastructure The Traditional Carrier Network Architecture Achieving Long-Haul Connectivity with Optical Transmission Delivering Multiplexed Services Synchronous Transmission Standards Building a Complex SONET/SDH Carrier Network Multiplexing and Framing Standards Providing Carrier Class Network Availability Adding Versatility with Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Reference Model Introducing Statistical Multiplexing Transport Multiple Services across a Single Network AAL1 AAL2 AAL3 AAL5 ATM Services Permanent Virtual Connection Switched Virtual Connection ATM Virtual Connections ATM Switching Operation ATM Addressing Subnetwork Model of Addressing NSAP-Format ATM Addresses ATM Address Common Components ATM Quality of Service ATM Signaling and Connection Establishment Overview Signaling Standards ATM Connection Establishment Procedure Connection Request Routing and Negotiation Providing Internet Services at the IP Layer Introdusing the IP Layer on Top of the ATM Layer Using Multiprotocol Label Switching for Delivering IP Services Scalability Issues of Standard IP Routing Protocols The Concept of Using Labels as Forwarding Information MPLS-Based Applications Next-Generation Carrier Networks Eliminating Intermediate Layers in the Backbone IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM IP over ATM over WDM IP over SONET/SDH over WDM IP over WDM Handling Fiber Capacity Exhaust Adding Intelligence to the Optical Layer Summary Recommended Reading Chapter 2 Optical Networking Standardization Standardization Activities and Targets Activities of the T1 Committee and its T1*1 Subcommittee Optical Networking Standardization Framework(G.871) OTN Architecture(G.872) Layered Structure OCH Layer Network Optical Multiplex Section(OMS)Layer Network Optical Transmission Section(OTS)Layer Network Interlayer Addaptation OCH/OMS Adaptation OMS/OTS Adaptation Activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IEEE) 10-Gbps Ethernet Resilient Packet Rings Activities of the Optical Internetworking Forum(OIF) OIF Mission Standard Physical Layer Interface IP-Centric Control and Signaliing for Optical Paths Optical User-to-Network Interface(O-UNI) Activities of the IETF Summary Recommended Reading Chapter 3 Optical Networking Technology Fundamentals Optical Transmission Technologies Waveloength Division Multiplexing(WDM) Attenuation Dispersion Nonlinear Effects Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio(OSNR) Optical Amplifiers Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(EDFAs) Praseodynamium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(PDFAs) Amplifier Control DWDM Systems Wavelength Routers Electrical Wavelength Routers Hybrid Wavelength Routers Optical Wavelength Routers Data Transmission Technologies Packet over SONET/SDH(POS) PPP Encapsulation Framing Interface Format Transmission Rate Payload Scrambling PPP over SONET/SDH at OC-192c/STM-64c Parallel Implementation Word-Oriented POS Framing Automatic Protection Switching(APS) APS Channel Protocol Cisco's APS Implementation APS Switchover Process APS Network Layer Interaction Dynamic PacketTransport(DPT) Encapsulation IP Data Packets ATM Data Packets Control Packets Usage Packets SRP Physical Layer Implementation Framing Interface Format Transmission Rate Packet Handling Procedures Topology Discovery Packet Processing Multicasting Packet Priority SRP Fairness Algorithm Intelligent Protection Switching IPS Messages IPS Message Handling State Machine Node Pass-Through Mode Network Management Clocking and Synchronization Data Transmission Technology Comparison Encapsulation Overhead Framing Overhead MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) MPLS-TE Architecture Why MPLS-TE MPLS-TE Components Defining the Term Traffic Trunk MPLS-TE Attributes Trunk Attributes Bandwidth Resource Class Affinity Path Selection Policy Priority/Preemption Adaptability Resilience Resource Attributes Available Bandwidth Resource Class Administrative Weight Information Distribution Bandwidth Accounting OSPF Extensions Router Address TLV Link TLV IS-IS Extensions Router ID TLV Extended IP Reachability TLV Extended IS Reachability TLV Path Computation and Selection LSP Tunnel Setup LSP Setup Procedure LSP Setup Request Admission Control Explicit Routing Label Allocation and LSP Establishment RSVP Extensions IP Routing using MPLS-TE MPLS-TE Protection Path Protection Restoration Time Optimizing Path Protection Link/Node Protection Network Survivability Principles Defining Survivability Survivability Concepts Protection Restoration Protection Techniques Protection Types 1+1 Protection 1:1 Protection 1:N Protection Protection Switching Characteristics Protection in Ring Networks Two-Fiber UPSR Two-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(2-Fiber BLSRs) Four-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(4-Fiber BLSR) Protection Ring Comparison MPLS Restoration Prenegotiated versus Dynamic Protection End-to-End versus Local Restoration Protection Switching Options 1+1 Protection 1:N and N:M Protection Network Survivability Design Survivability Mechanism Categories Dedicated Protection Shared Protection Restoration Restoration Time Survivability Mechanism Comparison Multilayer Survivability Survivability Design Trends for Optical Networks Eliminating SONET/SDH and ATM Putting Intelligence into the Optical Core Summary Recommended Reading Optical Transmission Technologies Optical Transmission Systems Data Transmission Technologies Packet over SONET/SDH Dynamic Packet Transport(DPT) MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) Network Survivability Principles Chapter 4 Existing and Future Optical Control Planes Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane Static IP Optical Overlay Model IP Service Infrastructure IP/Optical Adaptation Two-Layer Architecture Implementation Multiwavelength Transmission Bandwidth Management Static Optical Control Plane IP Service Infrastructure Implementation Small Point-to-Point Backbones or Backbone Interconnections Large-Scale Hierarchical Backbones POP Aggregation Switched POP Aggregation Point-to-Point POP Aggregation DPT Fiber Ring POP Aggregation Optical Transport Infrastructure Implementation DWDM System Building Blocks Transponders WDM Network Design Topology Channel Spacing Maximum Line Rate Optical Power Budget Restoration Optical Protection Optical Channel Protection Optical Multiplex Section Protection Service Layer Restoration Automatic Protection Switching Intelligent Protection Switching IP Restoration Application-Based Restoration Layer 3 Route Convergence Load balancing MPLS-TE Fast Reroute Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane Wavelength Routing Overlay Model Architecture and Elements Wavelength Routing Control Plane Lightpath Provisioning Lightpath Attributes Centralized Lightpath Routing Distributed Lightpath Routing Optical UNI Signaling Wavelength Conversion Restoration Protection Strategy Prenegotiated Protection On-Demand Protection QoS Levels Advanced Protection Concepts Local Protection Hierarchical Protection Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane Applicability Considerations Advantages Comparing WRs and LSRs Comparing LSPs and Lightpaths MPLmS Model Architecture and Elements MPLmS Control Plane Lightpath Provisioning Optical Routing Topology Discovery Optical Link State Advertisement Optical LSA Objects Constrained-Based Routing Lightpath(Optical LSP)Signaling Concept of Nested LSPs Optical LSP Setup RSVP Setup Procedure Optical LSP Setup in an OTN without Wavelength Conversion LSP Aggregation Using MPLmSin the Overlay Model Restoration Summary Recommended Reading Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane Chapter 5 Optical Networking Applications and Case Examples Optical End-to-End Networking Design Trands Service POP Metro Solutions IP and Optical Metro Evolution Core Solutions IP and Optical Metro Evolution Core Solutions Conclustions Case Example A?Next-Generation Storage Netowrks Application Requirements Common Solutions Case Example B:Next-Generation Internet Service Provider Application Requirements Common Solutions Case Example C:Next-Generation Carrier Application Requirements Common Solutions Summary Recommended Reading Glossary Notes Index
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