Contents
PART I FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 2
Chapter 1 The Systems Development Environment 2
What Is Information Systems Analysis and Design? 4
Systems Analysis and Design: Core Concepts 4
Systems 6
Definition of a System and Its Parts 6
Important System Concepts 7
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 10
Your Role in Systems Development 11
Outsourcing 12
Sources of Software 13
Types of Information Systems and Systems Development 17
Transaction Processing Systems 18
Management Information Systems 18
Decision Support Systems 19
Information Systems: An Overview 19
Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 20
Phase 1: Systems Planning and Selection 22
Phase 2: Systems Analysis 22
Phase 3: Systems Design 23
Phase 4: Systems Implementation and Operation 23
Approaches to Development 26
Prototyping 26
Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (CASE) Tools 26
Joint Application Design 27
Rapid Application Development 27
Participatory Design 29
Agile Methodologies 29
Key Points Review 30
Key Terms Checkpoint 31
Review Questions 32
Problems and Exercises 32
Discussion Questions 33
Case Problems 33
Chapter 2 Managing the Information Systems Project 36
Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 38
Managing the Information Systems Project 39
Initiating the Project 43
Planning the Project 46
Executing the Project 52
Closing Down the Project 54
Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 56
Representing Project Plans 57
Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT 58
Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 59
Using Project Management Software 62
Establishing a Project Starting Date 63
Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 63
Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 64
Key Points Review 65
Key Terms Checkpoint 66
Review Questions 67
Problems and Exercises 67
Discussion Questions 69
Case Problems 69
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Company Background 71
PART II SYSTEMS PLANNING AND SELECTION 78
Chapter 3 Systems Planning and Selection 78
Identifying and Selecting Projects 80
The Process of Identifying and Selecting Information Systems Development Projects 80
Deliverables and Outcomes 83
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 84
The Process of Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 84
Deliverables and Outcomes 85
Assessing Project Feasibility 86
Assessing Economic Feasibility 89
Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 95
Building the Baseline Project Plan 96
Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 100
PVF WebStore: Systems Planning and Selection 104
Internet Basics 104
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 105
Key Points Review 108
Key Terms Checkpoint 109
Review Questions 110
Problems and Exercises 110
Discussion Questions 111
Case Problems 111
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Initiating and Planning a Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 113
PART III SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 118
Chapter 4 Determining System Requirements 118
Performing Requirements Determination 120
The Process of Determining Requirements 120
Deliverables and Outcomes 121
Requirements Structuring 122
Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 122
Interviewing and Listening 122
Directly Observing Users 127
Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 128
Modern Methods for Determining System Requirements 133
Joint Application Design 133
Using Prototyping during Requirements Determination 136
Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 137
Identifying Processes to Reengineer 138
Disruptive Technologies 139
PVF WebStore: Determining System Requirements 139
System Layout and Navigation Characteristics 140
WebStore and Site Management System Capabilities 140
Customer and Inventory Information 141
System Prototype Evolution 142
Key Points Review 143
Key Terms Checkpoint 143
Review Questions 144
Problems and Exercises 144
Discussion Questions 145
Case Problems 145
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Determining Requirements for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 146
Chapter 5 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling 150
Process Modeling 152
Modeling a System's Process 152
Deliverables and Outcomes 152
Data-Flow Diagramming Mechanics 153
Definitions and Symbols 154
Developing DFDs: An Example 156
Data-Flow Diagramming Rules 159
Decomposition of DFDs 160
Balancing DFDs 162
Using Data-Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 164
Guidelines for Drawing DFDs 164
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 167
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 167
Logic Modeling 169
Modeling Logic with Structured English 170
Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 172
PVF WebStore: Process Modeling 176
Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 176
Logic Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 177
Key Points Review 180
Key Terms Checkpoint 180
Review Questions 181
Problems and Exercises 182
Discussion Questions 187
Case Problems 187
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Process Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 189
Chapter 6 Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling 194
Conceptual Data Modeling 196
The Process of Conceptual Data Modeling 197
Deliverables and Outcomes 198
Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 201
Introduction to Entity-Relationship Modeling 202
Entities 203
Attributes 204
Candidate Keys and Identifiers 205
Multivalued Attributes 206
Relationships 207
Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 208
Degree of a Relationship 208
Cardinalities in Relationships 209
An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 212
PVF WebStore: Conceptual Data Modeling 216
Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 216
Key Points Review 220
Key Terms Checkpoint 221
Review Questions 222
Problems and Exercises 222
Discussion Questions 225
Case Problems 225
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.Conceptual Data Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 226
Chapter 7 Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 230
Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 232
The Process of Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 233
Deliverables and Outcomes 233
Generating Alternative Design Strategies 234
Issues to Consider in Generating Alternatives 236
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 236
Hardware and System Software Issues 238
Implementation Issues 239
Developing Design Strategies for Hoosier Burger's New Inventory Control System 240
Selecting the Most Likely Alternative 242
Updating the Baseline Project Plan 243
Before and After Baseline Project Plans for Hoosier Burger 245
PVF WebStore: Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 249
Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 249
Key Points Review 252
Key Terms Checkpoint 252
Review Questions 253
Problems and Exercises 253
Discussion Questions 254
Case Problems 254
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Formulating a Design Strategy for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 258
PART IV SYSTEMS DESIGN 262
Chapter 8 Designing the Human Interface 262
Designing Forms and Reports 264
The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 264
Deliverables and Outcomes 266
Formatting Forms and Reports 267
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 276
The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 276
Deliverables and Outcomes 276
Designing Interfaces 277
Providing Feedback 284
Designing Dialogues 287
PVF WebStore: Designing the Human Interface 290
General Guidelines for Designing Web Interfaces 290
General Guidelines for Web Layouts 292
Designing the Human Interface at Pine Valley Furniture 293
Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 294
Lightweight Graphics 294
Forms and Data Integrity 295
Template-Based HTML 295
Key Points Review 295
Key Terms Checkpoint 296
Review Questions 297
Problems and Exercises 297
Discussion Questions 298
Case Problems 298
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Human Interface for the Customer Relationship Management System 300
Chapter 9 Designing Databases 304
Database Design 306
The Process of Database Design 306
Deliverables and Outcomes 309
Relational Database Model 312
Well-Structured Relations 313
Normalization 313
Rules of Normalization 314
Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 314
Second Normal Form 315
Third Normal Form 315
Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations 316
Represent Entities 317
Represent Relationships 318
Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 321
Merging Relations 321
An Example of Merging Relations 321
View Integration Problems 322
Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 323
Physical File and Database Design 326
Designing Fields 327
Choosing Data Types 327
Controlling Data Integrity 329
Designing Physical Tables 330
Arranging Table Rows 333
Designing Controls for Files 337
Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 337
PVF WebStore: Designing Databases 339
Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 340
Key Points Review 342
Key Terms Checkpoint 344
Review Questions 345
Problems and Exercises 345
Discussion Questions 347
Case Problems 348
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Relational Database for the Customer Relationship Management System 349
PART V SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION 352
Chapter 10 Systems Implementation and Operation 352
Systems Implementation and Operation 354
The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation 355
Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation 355
The Processes of Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 356
Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 357
The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 357
Deliverables and Outcomes from Maintaining Information Systems 358
Software Application Testing 359
Seven Different Types of Tests 359
The Testing Process 361
Acceptance Testing by Users 363
Installation 363
Planning Installation 364
Documenting the System 367
User Documentation 367
Preparing User Documentation 369
Training and Supporting Users 370
Training Information System Users 370
Supporting Information System Users 373
Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider 374
Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 374
Project Closedown 376
Conducting Systems Maintenance 377
Types of Maintenance 377
The Cost of Maintenance 378
Measuring Maintenance Effectiveness 379
Controlling Maintenance Requests 380
Configuration Management 381
Role of CASE and Automated Development Tools in Maintenance 382
Web Site Maintenance 382
Maintaining an Information System at Pine Valley Furniture 383
PVF WebStore: Systems Implementation and Operation 384
Systems Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 384
Key Points Review 387
Key Terms Checkpoint 388
Review Questions 390
Problems and Exercises 390
Discussion Questions 391
Case Problems 391
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing a Testing Plan for the Customer Relationship Management System 392
Appendix A Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 397
The Object-Oriented Modeling Approach 397
Use-Case Modeling 398
Object Modeling: Class Diagrams 401
Representing Associations 402
Representing Generalization 405
Representing Aggregation 406
Dynamic Modeling: State Diagrams 407
Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 408
Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 410
Moving to Design 411
Key Points Review 413
Key Terms Checkpoint 414
Review Questions 415
Problems and Exercises 415
Appendix B Agile Methodologies 417
The Trend to Agile Methodologies 417
Agile Methodologies 418
eXtreme Programming 420
The Heart of the Systems Development Process 421
Requirements Determination 422
Design Specifications 425
Implementation 427
Key Points Review 427
Key Terms Checkpoint 428
Review Questions 428
Problems and Exercises 428
References 429
Glossary of Acronyms 435
Glossary of Terms 437
Index 443
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