Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background of the Present Study 1.2 Objective of the Present Study 1.3 Data Collection of the Present Study 1.4 Organization of the Present Study Chapter Two Description and Characterization of Idioms 2.1 Describing Idioms 2.1.1 Formation of Idioms 2.1.2 Types of Idiom Collections 2.1.3 Relationship : Idioms & Words 2.1.4 Relationships : Idioms & Other Fixed Expressions 2.2 Characterizing Idioms 2.2.1 Distinct Properties 2.2.2 General Delineation Chapter Three Idiom Studies: Different Approaches 3.1 Formal Approaches 3.1.1 Brace Fraser (1970) 3.1.2 Adam Makkai (1972) 3.1.3 Rosamund Moon (1998) 3.2 Functional Approaches 3.2.1 Jury Strassler (1982) 3.2.2 Cristina Cacciari & Sam Glucksberg(1991, 1993) 3.2.3 Chitra Fernando (1996) 3.2.4 Rachel Giora (1997) 3.2.5 Rosa Elena Vega-Moreno (2001) 3.3 Psycholinguistic Approaches 3.3.1 S. Bobrow&S. Bell (1973) 3.3.2 D. A. Swinney & A. Cutler (1979) 3.3.3 Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. (1980) 3.3.4 C. Cacciari & P. Tabossi (1988) 3.3.5 R.W. Gibbs, Jr. &N. P. Nayak (1989) 3.3.6 R. W. Gibbs, Jr. et al. (1990-1995) Chapter Four Flexibility & Productivity of Idioms 4.1 Lexical Flexibility 4.1.1 Structural Variety 4.1.2 Variation Generation 4.1.3 Variation Patterns 4.1.3.1 Verb Variation 4.1.3.2 Noun Variation 4.1.3.3 Modifier Variation 4.1.3.4 Miscellaneous Variation 4.1.3.5 Variation between American andBritish English 4.1.3.6 False Variation 4.1.4 Regularity of Variation 4.1.5 Variation Constraint & Comprehension 4.1.6 Case Study : Relevance-Driven Variation Comprehension 4.2 Syntactic Versatility 4.2.1 Nominalization 4.2.2 Pronominalization 4.2.3 Passivization 4.2.4 Topicalization 4.2.5 Modification by Relative Clauses 4.2.6 There Construction 4.2.7 Comparative Construction 4.2.8 Other Transformations 4.2.9 Nonce Uses of Idioms Chapter Five A Holistic Approach to English Idioms 5.1 Developing Pragmatic Competence 5.2 Developing Figurative Competence 5.3 Developing Sociocultural Competence 5.4 Integrating Processing Strategies Chapter Six Conclusions 6.1 Representation of Idioms 6.2 Enlightenment from Previous Studies 6.3 Compositionality and Flexibility 6.4 Pedagogical Implications 6.5 Suggestions for Further Exploration References Appendix Ⅰ List of Dictionaries Consulted Appendix Ⅱ Tentative Classification of Fixed Expressions in English Lexicon Appendix Ⅲ Figurative Patterns Underlying Current English Idioms Appendix Ⅳ English Idioms with Respect to Fraser's Frozen Hierarchy Appendix Ⅴ Makkai's Categorization of Idioms Appendix Ⅶ Femando's Categorization of English Idioms Appendix Ⅷ Representative Examples of Conceptual Metaphors
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