3G演進(jìn)：HSPA與LTE（英文版 第2版）

Part Ⅰ： Introduction
1　Background of 3G evolution　3
1.1　History and background of 3G　3
1.1.1　Before 3G　3
1.1.2　Early 3G discussions　5
1.1.3　Research on 3G　6
1.1.4　3G standardization starts　7
1.2　Standardization　7
1.2.1　The standardization process　7
1.2.2　3GPP　9
1.2.3　IMT-2000 activities in ITU　11
1.3　Spectrum for 3G and systems beyond 3G　13
2　The motives behind the 3G evolution　15
2.1　Driving forces　15
2.1.1　Technology advancements　16
2.1.2　Services　17
2.1.3　Cost and performance　20
2.2　3G evolution： Two Radio Access Network approaches and an evolved core network　21
2.2.1　Radio Access Network evolution　21
2.2.2　An evolved core network： system architecture evolution　24
Part Ⅱ： Technologies for 3G Evolution
3　High data rates in mobile communication　29
3.1　High data rates： Fundamental constraints　29
3.1.1　High data rates in noise-limited scenarios　31
3.1.2　Higher data rates in interference-limited scenarios　33
3.2　Higher data rates within a limited bandwidth： Higher-order modulation　34
3.2.1　Higher-order modulation in combination with channel coding　35
3.2.2　Variations in instantaneous transmit power　36
3.3　Wider bandwidth including multi-carrier transmission　37
3.3.1　Multi-carrier transmission　40
4　OFDM transmission　43
4.1　Basic principles of OFDM　43
4.2　OFDM demodulation　46
4.3　OFDM implementation using IFFT/FFT processing　46
4.4　Cyclic-prefix insertion　48
4.5　Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission　51
4.6　Channel estimation and reference symbols　52
4.7　Frequency diversity with OFDM： Importance of channel coding　53
4.8　Selection of basic OFDM parameters　55
4.8.1　OFDM subcarrier spacing　55
4.8.2　Number of subcarriers　57
4.8.3　Cyclic-prefix length　58
4.9　Variations in instantaneous transmission power　58
4.10　OFDM as a user-multiplexing and multiple-access scheme　59
4.11　Multi-cell broadcast/multicast transmission and OFDM　61
5　Wider-band ‘single-carrier’ transmission　65
5.1　Equalization against radio-channel frequency selectivity　65
5.1.1　Time-domain linear equalization　66
5.1.2　Frequency-domain equalization　68
5.1.3　Other equalizer strategies　71
5.2　Uplink FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment　71
5.3　DFT-spread OFDM　73
5.3.1　Basic principles　74
5.3.2　DFTS-OFDM receiver　76
5.3.3　User multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM　77
5.3.4　Distributed DFTS-OFDM　78
6　Multi-antenna techniques　81
6.1　Multi-antenna configurations　81
6.2　Benefits of multi-antenna techniques　82
6.3　Multiple receive antennas　83
6.4　Multiple transmit antennas　88
6.4.1　Transmit-antenna diversity　89
6.4.2　Transmitter-side beam-forming　93
6.5　Spatial multiplexing　96
6.5.1　Basic principles　97
6.5.2　Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing　100
6.5.3　Non-linear receiver processing　102
7　Scheduling， link adaptation and hybrid ARQ　105
7.1　Link adaptation： Power and rate control　106
7.2　Channel-dependent scheduling　107
7.2.1　Downlink scheduling　108
7.2.2　Uplink scheduling　112
7.2.3　Link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling in the frequency domain　115
7.2.4　Acquiring on channel-state information　116
7.2.5　Traffic behavior and scheduling　117
7.3　Advanced retransmission schemes　118
7.4　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　120
Part Ⅲ： HSPA
8　WCDMA evolution： HSPA and MBMS　127
8.1　WCDMA： Brief overview　129
8.1.1　Overall architecture　129
8.1.2　Physical layer　132
8.1.3　Resource handling and packet-data session　137
9　High-Speed Downlink Packet Access　139
9.1　Overview　139
9.1.1　Shared-channel transmission　139
9.1.2　Channel-dependent scheduling　140
9.1.3　Rate control and higher-order modulation　142
9.1.4　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　142
9.1.5　Architecture　143
9.2　Details of HSDPA　144
9.2.1　HS-DSCH： Inclusion of features in WCDMA Release 5　144
9.2.2　MAC-hs and physical-layer processing　147
9.2.3　Scheduling　149
9.2.4　Rate control　150
9.2.5　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　154
9.2.6　Data flow　157
9.2.7　Resource control for HS-DSCH　159
9.2.8　Mobility　160
9.2.9　UE categories　162
9.3　Finer details of HSDPA　162
9.3.1　Hybrid ARQ revisited： Physical-layer processing　162
9.3.2　Interleaving and constellation rearrangement　167
9.3.3　Hybrid ARQ revisited： Protocol operation　168
9.3.4　In-sequence delivery　170
9.3.5　MAC-hs header　172
9.3.6　CQI and other means to assess the downlink quality　174
9.3.7　Downlink control signaling： HS-SCCH　177
9.3.8　Downlink control signaling： F-DPCH　180
9.3.9　Uplink control signaling： HS-DPCCH　180
10　Enhanced Uplink　185
10.1　Overview　185
10.1.1　Scheduling　186
10.1.2　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　188
10.1.3　Architecture　189
10.2　Details of Enhanced Uplink　190
10.2.1　MAC-e and physical layer processing　193
10.2.2　Scheduling　195
10.2.3　E-TFC selection　202
10.2.4　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　203
10.2.5　Physical channel allocation　208
10.2.6　Power control　210
10.2.7　Data flow　211
10.2.8　Resource control for E-DCH　212
10.2.9　Mobility　213
10.2.10　UE categories　213
10.3　Finer details of Enhanced Uplink　214
10.3.1　Scheduling - the small print　214
10.3.2　Further details on hybrid ARQ operation　223
10.3.3　Control signaling　230
11　MBMS： Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services　239
11.1　Overview　242
11.1.1　Macro-diversity　243
11.1.2　Application-level coding　245
11.2　Details of MBMS　246
11.2.1　MTCH　247
11.2.2　MCCH and MICH　247
11.2.3　MSCH　249
12　HSPA Evolution　251
12.1　MIMO　251
12.1.1　HSDPA-MIMO data transmission　252
12.1.2　Rate control for HSDPA-MIMO　256
12.1.3　Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining for HSDPA-MIMO　256
12.1.4　Control signaling for HSDPA-MIMO　257
12.1.5　UE capabilities　259
12.2　Higher-order modulation.　259
12.3　Continuous packet connectivity　260
12.3.1　DTX–reducing uplink overhead　261
12.3.2　DRX–reducing UE power consumption　264
12.3.3　HS-SCCH-less operation： downlink overhead reduction　265
12.3.4　Control signaling　267
12.4　Enhanced CELL_FACH operation　267
12.5　Layer 2 protocol enhancements　269
12.6　Advanced receivers　270
12.6.1　Advanced UE receivers specified in 3GPP　271
12.6.2　Receiver diversity （type 1）　271
12.6.3　Chip-level equalizers and similar receivers （type 2）　272
12.6.4　Combination with antenna diversity （type 3）　273
12.6.5　Combination with antenna diversity and interference cancellation （type 3i）　274
12.7　MBSFN operation　275
12.8　Conclusion　275
Part Ⅳ： LTE and SAE
13　LTE and SAE： Introduction and design targets　279
13.1　LTE design targets　280
13.1.1　Capabilities　281
13.1.2　System performance　282
13.1.3　Deployment-related aspects　283
13.1.4　Architecture and migration　285
13.1.5　Radio resource management　286
13.1.6　Complexity　286
13.1.7　General aspects　286
13.2　SAE design targets　287
14　LTE radio access： An overview　289
14.1　LTE transmission schemes： Downlink OFDM and uplink DFTS-OFDM/SC-FDMA　289
14.2　Channel-dependent scheduling and rate adaptation　291
14.2.1　Downlink scheduling　292
14.2.2　Uplink scheduling　292
14.2.3　Inter-cell interference coordination　293
14.3　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　294
14.4　Multiple antenna support　294
14.5　Multicast and broadcast support　295
14.6　Spectrum flexibility　296
14.6.1　Flexibility in duplex arrangement　296
14.6.2　Flexibility in frequency-band-of-operation　297
14.6.3　Bandwidth flexibility　297
15　LTE radio interface architecture　299
15.1　Radio link control　301
15.2　Medium access control　302
15.2.1　Logical channels and transport channels　303
15.2.2　Scheduling　305
15.2.3　Hybrid ARQ with soft combining　308
15.3　Physical layer　311
15.4　Terminal states　314
15.5　Data flow　315
16　Downlink transmission scheme　317
16.1　Overall time-domain structure and duplex alternatives　317
16.2　The downlink physical resource　319
16.3　Downlink reference signals　324
16.3.1　Cell-specific downlink reference signals　325
16.3.2　UE-specific reference signals　328
16.4　Downlink L1/L2 control signaling　330
16.4.1　Physical Control Format Indicator Channel　332
16.4.2　Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel　334
16.4.3　Physical Downlink Control Channel　338
16.4.4　Downlink scheduling assignment　340
16.4.5　Uplink scheduling grants　348
16.4.6　Power-control commands　352
16.4.7　PDCCH processing　352
16.4.8　Blind decoding of PDCCHs　357
16.5　Downlink transport-channel processing　361
16.5.1　CRC insertion per transport block　361
16.5.2　Code-block segmentation and per-code-block CRC insertion　362
16.5.3　Turbo coding　363
16.5.4　Rate-matching and physical-layer hybrid-ARQ functionality　365
16.5.5　Bit-level scrambling　366
16.5.6　Data modulation　366
16.5.7　Antenna mapping　367
16.5.8　Resource-block mapping　367
16.6　Multi-antenna transmission　371
16.6.1　Transmit diversity　372
16.6.2　Spatial multiplexing　373
16.6.3　General beam-forming　377
16.7　MBSFN transmission and MCH　378
17　Uplink transmission scheme　383
17.1　The uplink physical resource　383
17.2　Uplink reference signals　385
17.2.1　Uplink demodulation reference signals　385
17.2.2　Uplink sounding reference signals　393
17.3　Uplink L1/L2 control signaling　396
17.3.1　Uplink L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH　398
17.3.2　Uplink L1/L2 control signaling on PUSCH　411
17.4　Uplink transport-channel processing　413
17.5　PUSCH frequency hopping　415
17.5.1　Hopping based on cell-specific hopping/mirroring patterns　416
17.5.2　Hopping based on explicit hopping information　418
18　LTE access procedures　421
18.1　Acquisition and cell search　421
18.1.1　Overview of LTE cell search　421
18.1.2　PSS structure　424
18.1.3　SSS structure　424
18.2　System information　425
18.2.1　MIB and BCH transmission　426
18.2.2　System-Information Blocks　429
18.3　Random access　432
18.3.1　Step 1： Random-access preamble transmission　434
18.3.2　Step 2： Random-access response　441
18.3.3　Step 3： Terminal identification　442
18.3.4　Step 4： Contention resolution　443
18.4　Paging　444
19　LTE transmission procedures　447
19.1　RLC and hybrid-ARQ protocol operation　447
19.1.1　Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining　448
19.1.2　Radio-link control　459
19.2　Scheduling and rate adaptation　465
19.2.1　Downlink scheduling　467
19.2.2　Uplink scheduling　470
19.2.3　Semi-persistent scheduling　476
19.2.4　Scheduling for half-duplex FDD　478
19.2.5　Channel-status reporting　479
19.3　Uplink power control　482
19.3.1　Power control for PUCCH　482
19.3.2　Power control for PUSCH　485
19.3.3　Power control for SRS　488
19.4　Discontinuous reception （DRX）　488
19.5　Uplink timing alignment　490
19.6　UE categories　495
20　Flexible bandwidth in LTE　497
20.1　Spectrum for LTE　497
20.1.1　Frequency bands for LTE　498
20.1.2　New frequency bands　501
20.2　Flexible spectrum use　502
20.3　Flexible channel bandwidth operation　503
20.4　Requirements to support flexible bandwidth　505
20.4.1　RF requirements for LTE　505
20.4.2　Regional requirements　506
20.4.3　BS transmitter requirements　507
20.4.4　BS receiver requirements　511
20.4.5　Terminal transmitter requirements　514
20.4.6　Terminal receiver requirements　515
21　System Architecture Evolution　517
21.1　Functional split between radio access network and core network　518
21.1.1　Functional split between WCDMA/HSPA radio access network and core network　518
21.1.2　Functional split between LTE RAN and core network　519
21.2　HSPA/WCDMA and LTE radio access network　520
21.2.1　WCDMA/HSPA radio access network　521
21.2.2　LTE radio access network　526
21.3　Core network architecture　528
21.3.1　GSM core network used for WCDMA/HSPA　529
21.3.2　The ‘SAE’ core network： The Evolved Packet Core　533
21.3.3　WCDMA/HSPA connected to Evolved Packet Core　536
21.3.4　Non-3GPP access connected to Evolved Packet Core　537
22　LTE-Advanced　539
22.1　IMT-2000 development　539
22.2　LTE-Advanced – The 3GPP candidate for IMT-Advanced　540
22.2.1　Fundamental requirements for LTE-Advanced　541
22.2.2　Extended requirements beyond ITU requirements　542
22.3　Technical components of LTE-Advanced　542
22.3.1　Wider bandwidth and carrier aggregation　543
22.3.2　Extended multi-antenna solutions　544
22.3.3　Advanced repeaters and relaying functionality　545
22.4　Conclusion　546
Part Ⅴ： Performance and Concluding Remarks
23　Performance of 3G evolution　549
23.1　Performance assessment　549
23.1.1　End-user perspective of performance　550
23.1.2　Operator perspective　552
23.2　Performance in terms of peak data rates　552
23.3　Performance evaluation of 3G evolution　553
23.3.1　Models and assumptions　553
23.3.2　Performance numbers for LTE with 5 MHz FDD carriers　555
23.4　Evaluation of LTE in 3GPP　557
23.4.1　LTE performance requirements　557
23.4.2　LTE performance evaluation　559
23.4.3　Performance of LTE with 20 MHz FDD carrier　560
23.5　Conclusion　560
24　Other wireless communications systems　563
24.1　UTRA TDD　563
24.2　TD-SCDMA （low chip rate UTRA TDD）　565
24.3　CDMA2000　566
24.3.1　CDMA2000 1x　567
24.3.2　1x EV-DO Rev 0　567
24.3.3　1x EV-DO Rev A　568
24.3.4　1x EV-DO Rev B　569
24.3.5　UMB （1x EV-DO Rev C）　571
24.4　GSM/EDGE　573
24.4.1　Objectives for the GSM/EDGE evolution　573
24.4.2　Dual-antenna terminals　575
24.4.3　Multi-carrier EDGE　575
24.4.4　Reduced TTI and fast feedback　576
24.4.5　Improved modulation and coding　577
24.4.6　Higher symbol rates　577
24.5　WiMAX （IEEE 802.16）　578
24.5.1　Spectrum， bandwidth options and duplexing arrangement　580
24.5.2　Scalable OFDMA　581
24.5.3　TDD frame structure　581
24.5.4　Modulation， coding and Hybrid ARQ　581
24.5.5　Quality-of-service handling　582
24.5.6　Mobility　583
24.5.7　Multi-antenna technologies　584
24.5.8　Fractional frequency reuse　584
24.5.9　Advanced Air Interface （IEEE 802.16m）　585
24.6　Mobile Broadband Wireless Access （IEEE 802.20）　586
24.7　Summary　588
25　Future evolution　589
25.1　IMT-Advanced　590
25.2　The research community　591
25.3　Standardization bodies　591
25.4　Concluding remarks　592
References　593
Index　603