John Levine， Taughannock Networks的創(chuàng)始人，著有20余本技術(shù)書籍，其中包括《lex & yacc》和《qmail》，均為O’Reilly出版。
圖書目錄
Preface 1. Introducing Flex and Bison Lexical Analysis and Parsing Regular Expressions and Scanning Our First Flex Program Programs in Plain Flex Putting Flex and Bison Together The Scanner as Coroutine Tokens and Values Grammars and Parsing BNF Grammars Bison’s Rule Input Language Compiling Flex and Bison Programs Together Ambiguous Grammars: Not Quite Adding a Few More Rules Flex and Bison vs. Handwritten Scanners and Parsers Exercises 2. Using Flex Regular Expressions Regular Expression Examples How Flex Handles Ambiguous Patterns Context-Dependent Tokens File I/O in Flex Scanners Reading Several Files The I/O Structure of a Flex Scanner Input to a Flex Scanner Flex Scanner Output Start States and Nested Input Files Symbol Tables and a Concordance Generator Managing Symbol Tables Using a Symbol Table C Language Cross-Reference Exercises 3. Using Bison How a Bison Parser Matches Its Input Shift/Reduce Parsing What Bison’s LALR(1) Parser Cannot Parse A Bison Parser Abstract Syntax Trees An Improved Calculator That Creates ASTs Literal Character Tokens Building the AST Calculator Shift/Reduce Conflicts and Operator Precedence When Not to Use Precedence Rules An Advanced Calculator Advanced Calculator Parser Calculator Statement Syntax Calculator Expression Syntax Top-Level Calculator Grammar Basic Parser Error Recovery The Advanced Calculator Lexer Reserved Words Building and Interpreting ASTs Evaluating Functions in the Calculator User-Defined Functions Using the Advanced Calculator Exercises 4. Parsing SQL A Quick Overview of SQL Relational Databases Manipulating Relations Three Ways to Use SQL SQL to RPN The Lexer Scanning SQL Keywords Scanning Numbers Scanning Operators and Punctuation Scanning Functions and Names Comments and Miscellany The Parser The Top-Level Parsing Rules SQL Expressions Select Statements Delete Statement Insert and Replace Statements Update Statement Create Database Create Table User Variables The Parser Routines The Makefile for the SQL Parser Exercises 5. A Reference for Flex Specifications Structure of a Flex Specification Definition Section Rules Section User Subroutines BEGIN C++ Scanners Context Sensitivity Left Context Right Context Definitions (Substitutions) ECHO Input Management Stdio File Chaining Input Buffers Input from Strings File Nesting input() YY_INPUT Flex Library Interactive and Batch Scanners Line Numbers and yylineno Literal Block Multiple Lexers in One Program Combined Lexers Multiple Lexers Options When Building a Scanner Portability of Flex Lexers Porting Generated C Lexers Reentrant Scanners Extra Data for Reentrant Scanners Access to Reentrant Scanner Data Reentrant Scanners, Nested Files, and Multiple Scanners Using Reentrant Scanners with Bison Regular Expression Syntax Metacharacters REJECT Returning Values from yylex() Start States unput() yyinput() yyunput() yyleng yyless() yylex() and YY_DECL yymore() yyrestart() yy_scan_string and yy_scan_buffer YY_USER_ACTION yywrap() 6. A Reference for Bison Specifications Structure of a Bison Grammar Symbols Definition Section Rules Section User Subroutines Section Actions Embedded Actions Symbol Types for Embedded Actions Ambiguity and Conflicts Types of Conflicts Shift/Reduce Conflicts Reduce/Reduce Conflicts %expect GLR Parsers Bugs in Bison Programs Infinite Recursion Interchanging Precedence Embedded Actions C++ Parsers %code Blocks End Marker Error Token and Error Recovery %destructor Inherited Attributes ($0) Symbol Types for Inherited Attributes %initial-action Lexical Feedback Literal Block Literal Tokens Locations %parse-param Portability of Bison Parsers Porting Bison Grammars Porting Generated C Parsers Libraries Character Codes Precedence and Associativity Declarations Precedence Associativity Precedence Declarations Using Precedence and Associativity to Resolve Conflicts Typical Uses of Precedence Recursive Rules Left and Right Recursion Rules Special Characters %start Declaration Symbol Values Declaring Symbol Types Explicit Symbol Types Tokens Token Numbers Token Values %type Declaration %union Declaration Variant and Multiple Grammars Combined Parsers Multiple Parsers Using %name-prefix or the -p Flag Lexers for Multiple Parsers Pure Parsers y.output Files Bison Library main() yyerror() YYABORT YYACCEPT YYBACKUP yyclearin yydebug and YYDEBUG YYDEBUG yydebug yyerrok YYERROR yyerror() yyparse() YYRECOVERING() 7. Ambiguities and Conflicts The Pointer Model and Conflicts Kinds of Conflicts Parser States Contents of name.output Reduce/Reduce Conflicts Shift/Reduce Conflicts Review of Conflicts in name.output Common Examples of Conflicts Expression Grammars IF/THEN/ELSE Nested List Grammar How Do You Fix the Conflict? IF/THEN/ELSE (Shift/Reduce) Loop Within a Loop (Shift/Reduce) Expression Precedence (Shift/Reduce) Limited Lookahead (Shift/Reduce or Reduce/Reduce) Overlap of Alternatives (Reduce/Reduce) Summary Exercises 8. Error Reporting and Recovery Error Reporting Locations Adding Locations to the Parser Adding Locations to the Lexer More Sophisticated Locations with Filenames Error Recovery Bison Error Recovery Freeing Discarded Symbols Error Recovery in Interactive Parsers Where to Put Error Tokens Compiler Error Recovery Exercises 9. Advanced Flex and Bison Pure Scanners and Parsers Pure Scanners in Flex Pure Parsers in Bison Using Pure Scanners and Parsers Together A Reentrant Calculator GLR Parsing GLR Version of the SQL Parser C++ Parsers A C++ Calculator C++ Parser Naming A C++ Parser Interfacing a Scanner with a C++ Parser Should You Write Your Parser in C++ ? Exercises Appendix: SQL Parser Grammar and Cross-Reference Glossary Index
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