1 Introduction I Words 2 Regular Expressions and Automata 3 Words and Transducers 4 N-Grams 5 Part-of-Speech Tagging 6 Hidden Markov and Maximum Entropy Models H Speech 7 Phonetics 8 Speech Synthesis 9 Automatic Speech Recognition 10 Speech Recognition: Advanced Topics 11 Computational Phonology III Syntax 12 Formal Grammars of English 13 Syntactic Parsing 14 Statistical Parsing 15 Features and Unification 16 Language and Complexity IV Semantics and Pragmatics 17 The Representation of Meaning 18 Computational Semantics 19 Lexical Semantics 20 Computational Lexical Semantics 21 Computational Discourse V Applications 22 Information Extraction 23 Question Answering and Summarization 24 Dialogue and Conversational Agents 25 Machine Translation Bibliography Author Index Subject Index