Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 The scope of linguistics 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 1.2 What is language? 1.2.1 Definitions of language 1.2.2 Design features of language 1.2.3 Funcions of language Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 2 Phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2.2 Organs of speech 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds——broad and narrow transcriptions 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair 2.3.4 Some rules in phonology 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features —— stress, tone, intonation Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Open class and closed class 3.3 Morphemes —— the minimal units of meaning 3.4 Analyzing word structures 3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes 3.6 Morphological rules of word formation 3.7 Derivation 3.8 Compounds Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 4 Syntax 4.1 What is syntax? 4.2 Categories 4.2.1 Word-level categories 4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structures 4.3 Phrase structure rule 4.3.1 XP rule 4.3.2 Coordination rule 4.4 Phrase element,, 4.4.1 Specifiers 4.4.2 Complements 4.4.3 Modifiers 4.5 Sentences (The S rule) 4.6 Transformations 4.6.1 Auxiliary movement 4.6.2 Do insertion 4.6.3 Deep structure and surface structure 4.6.4 Wh movement 4.6.5 Move α and constraints on transformations Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 5 Semantics 5.1 What is semantics? 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 5.2.1 The naming theory 5.2.2 The conceptualist view 5.2.3 Contextualism 5.2.4 Behaviorism 5.3 Lexical meaning 5.3, 1 Sense and reference 5.3.2 Major sense relations 5.4 Sense relations between sentences 5.5 Analysis of meaning 5.5.1 Componential analysis ——a way to analyze lexical meaning 5.5.2 Predication analysis -a way to analyze sentence meaning Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.1 Some basic notions 6.1.1 Definition 6.1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics 6.1.3 Context 6.1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 6.2 Speech act theory 6.2.1 Austin's model of speech acts 6.2.2 Searle's classification of speech acts 6. 2.3 Indirect speech acts 6.3 Principle of conversation 6.4 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 7 Language Change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Phonological changes 7.3 Morphological and syntactic change 7.3.1 Addition of affixes 7.3.2 Loss of affixes 7.3.3 Change of word order 7.3.4 Change in negation rule 7.4 Lexical and semantic change 7.4.1 Addition of new words 7.4.2 Loss of words 7.4.3 Semantic changes 7.5 Some recent trends 7.5.1 Moving towards greater informality 7.5.2 The influence of American English 7.5.3 The influence of science and technology 7.6 The causes of language change Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 8 Language and Society 8.1 The scope of sociolinguistics 8.1.1 The relatedness between language and society 8.1.2 Speech community and speech variety 8.1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies 8.2 Varieties of language 8.2.1 Dialectal varieties 8.2.2 Register 8.2.3 Degree of formality 8.3 Standard dialect 8.4 Pidgin and Creole 8.5 Bilingualism and diglossia Revision exercises For further reading Chapter 9 Language and Culture 9.1 Introduction …… Chapter 10 Language Acquisition Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition Chapter 12 Language and the Brain A Gloccsry in English and Chinese References
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