翻譯研究領(lǐng)域聲名卓著的學(xué)者，原芬蘭赫爾辛基大學(xué)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)系教授，著有《對(duì)比功能分析》（ContrastiveFunctionalAnalysis）、《論確定性——特別是關(guān)于英語和芬蘭語》（On Deft—niterless：A Study withSpecial Refer—ence幻English and Finnish）等專著，發(fā)表過幾十篇富有創(chuàng)見的論文。
圖書目錄
Preface
CHAPTER 1．Survival machines for memes
1．1 Introducing memes
1．2 Five tralation SHpe：rmemes
1．3 The lOCUS ofmemes
1．4 A Popperian meme
CHAPTER 2．The evolution of tralation memes
2．1 Words
2．2 The Word ofGod
2．3 Rhetoric
2．4 Logos
2．5 Linguistic science
2．6 Communication
2．7 Target
2．8 Cognition
2．9 Theory in the current meme·pool
2．10 What next?
2．1l Review
CHAPTER 3．From memes to norms
3．1 Normative VS．prescriptive
3．2 Normtheory
3．3 Norms oflanguage
3．4 What counts as a tralation?
3．5 Tralation norms
3．6 General tralation laws and normative laws
3．7 Norms as cotraints
3．8 On expectancy noH in English
3．9 Implicatio
CHAPTER 4．Tralation strategies
4．1 General characteristics of strategies
4．2 A classification
4．3 Motivation
CHAPTER 5．Tralation as theory
5．1 Tentative Theory．Error Elimination and tralational competence
5．2 Retrospective assessment
5．3 Prospective assessment
5．4 Lateral assessment
5．5 Introspective assessment
5．6 Pedagogical assessment
5．7 Mind the gap!
CHAPTER 6．The development of tralational competence
6．1 Stages of expertise
6．2 The significance of memes
6．3 Teaching strategies
6．4 Ontogenetic=phylogenetic?
6．5 Bootstraps
CHAPTER 7．On tralation ethics
7．1 Background issues
7．2 Norms．values and actio
7．3 Clarity
7．4 Truth
7．5 Trust
7．6 Undetanding
7．7 The Tralator’S Charter
7．8 Emancipatory tralation
Epilogue
Appendix
References
Author index
Subject index
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