Unit 1 Phonetics - the Science of Speech 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Branches of Phonetics 2 1.3 Speech Production 4 1.4 Articulation 6 1.5 Applications 10 1.6 Test Yourself 17 Unit 2 International Phonetic Alphabet 2.1 Overview 20 2.2 The International Phonetic Alphabet 23 2.3 Narrow vs Broad Transcription 26 2.4 Cardinal Vowels 31 2.5 Applications 35 2.6 Test Yourself 38 Unit 3 Classification of Speech Sounds 3.1 Overview 41 3.2 Vowels and Consonants 44 3.3 Contoid and Vocoid 48 3.4 English Vowels and Consonants 50 3.5 Applications 53 3.6 Test Yourself 55 Unit 4 Classification of English Consonants 4.1 Overview 57 4.2 Voicing 58 4.3 Places of Articulation 60 4.4 Manners of Articulation 64 4.5 Applications 67 4.6 Test Yourself 69 Unit 5 English Stops, Fricatives and Affricates 5.1 Overview 71 5.2 Stops 72 5.3 Fricatives 78 5.4 Affricates 81 5.5 Applications 82 5.6 Test Yourself 85 Unit 6 English Nasals and Approximants 6.1 Overview 87 6.2 Nasals 87 6.3 Approximants 92 6.4 More about English Consonants 96 6.5 Applications 98 6.6 Test Yourself 100 Unit 7 Classification of English Vowels 7.1 Overview 102 7.2 Close Vowels and Open Vowels 107 7.3 Front Vowels and Back Vowels 111 7.4 Rounded Vowels vs Unrounded Vowels 113 7.5 Applications 115 7.6 Test Yourself 118 Unit 8 English Pure Vowels 8.1 Overview 120 8.2 Front Vowels 124 8.3 Central Vowels 127 8.4 Back Vowels 128 8.5 Applications 132 8.6 Test Yourself 135 Unit 9 English Diphthongs 9.1 Overview 137 9.2 Closing Diphthongs 139 9.3 Centering Diphthongs 141 9.4 Length of Vowels 14.3 …… Unit 10 English Syllable Stucture Unit 11 English Word Stress and Sentence Stress Unit 12 Strong Forms and Weak Forms Unit 13 Linking and Assimilation Unit 14 Rhythmic Structure in English Unit 15 Tone in English Utterances Unit 16 English Intonation in Use Appendix 1 Phonetic Symbols for English Vowels and Consonants Appendix 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet（Revissed to 2005） References
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