1 Introduction 1.1 The Environment—Concept and Issues 1.2 Environmental Challenges and Responses 1.3 Environment and International Legal Order 1.4 China & International Environmental Law in General 1.5 Conclusion 2 Origin and Evolution of International Environmental Law 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Before the 1972 Stockholm Conference 2.3 From Stockholm to Rio: 1972—1992 2.4 From Rio to Rio+20 2.5 Conclusion 3 Institutions and Governance 3.1 Introduction 3.2 States 3.3 International Institutions 3.4 Non—State Actors 3.5 Conclusion 4 General Principles and Rules 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sovereignty over Natural Resources and the Responsibility Not to Cause Damage to the Environment of other States or to Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 4.3 Principle of Preventive Action 4.4 Precautionary Principle 4.5 Polluter pays Principle 4.6 Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 4.7 International Cooperation 4.8 Sustainable Development 4.9 Conclusion 5 Implementation of the General Principles and Rules 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Regulatory Measures 5.3 Econo mic In struments 5.4 Integrated Environmental Management 5.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Assessment 5.6 Environmental Information 5.7 Conclusion 6 Compliance: Enforcement and Conflict Resolution 6.1 Introduction 6.2 National Compliance of International Environmental Law 6.3 International Comp(iance Mechanisms 6.4 International Environmental Conflict Resolution 6.5 Conclusion 7 Atmosphere 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Transboundary Air Pollution 7.3 Ozone Depletion 7.4 Climate Change 7.5 Outer Space 7.6 China and Atmosphere 7.7 Conclusion 8 Oceans and Seas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Combating Different Sources of Marine Pollution 8.3 Regional Seas Programmes 8.4 China and Oceans and Seas 8.5 Conclusion 9 Freshwater Resources 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Global Responses 9.3 Regional Responses 9.4 China and Freshwater Resources 9.5 Conclusion 10 Biological Diversity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 International Legal Responses 10.3 Biotechnology & Biosafety 10.4 Access and Benefit Sharing 10.5 Conservation of Marine Living Resources and Marine Biodiversity 10.6 China and Biological Divefsity 10.7 Conclusion 11 Land Resources 11.1 Introduction 11.2 International Legaland Policy Responses 11.3 Combating Desertification 11.4 Wetlands 11.5 World Heritages 11.6 Polar Regions 11.7 China and Land Resources 11.8 Conclusion 12 Hazardous Substances and Activities 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Chemicals, Pesticides and other Dangerous Substances 12.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants 12.4 Hazardous Wastes 12.5 Mercury 12.6 Radioactive Substances & Activities 12.7 Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response 12.8 China and Hazardous Substances and Activities 12.9 Conclusion 13 Economic Activities and Environment 14 Human Rights and Environment 15 Armed Conflict & Environment Select Bibliography Abbreviations and Acronyms About the Author Acknowledgements