Contents Preface Part One Tunneling through the“Environmental Mountain” Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts Chapter 1 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain” (Ⅰ) 3 11 Introduction3 12 Theoretical analysis5 13 Examples 7 131 Examples on the national level 7 132 Examples on provincial level9 14 Estimation of environmental load of China 10 15 Conclusion 12 References 12 Chapter 2 Equations for Resource Use and Waste Emission 14 21 IPAT equation14 22 IGT equation—Resource use in the process of economic growth16 221 IGT equation 16 222 Another form of IGT equation 18 223 Critical value of t 20 224 Reasonable coordination between g and t 22 23 IeGTX equation—Waste emission in the process of economic growth23 231 IeGTX equation 23 232 Another form of IeGTX equation 25 233 Critical value of x 26 Chapter 3 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain”(Ⅱ) 30 31 Introduction30 32 Theoretical analysis30 321 Resource use 30 322 Waste emission 32 33 Examples 34 34 Estimation of environmental load of China 34 References 34 Chapter 4 Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts 35 41 Introduction35 42 The decoupling indicator for resource use36 43 The decoupling indicator for waste emission37 44 Decoupling chart38 441 Decoupling chart for resource use 38 442 Decoupling chart for waste emission 39 45 Examples on the national level 39 451 Data collection 39 452 Decoupling situations for the USA and China 40 453 Discussion 41 46 Conclusion 42 References 42 Appendix 1 Discussion on the decoupling factor (Df) 43 Appendix 2 Discussion on the elasticity45 Chapter 5 Decoupling Analysis of Four Selected Countries 48 51 Introduction48 52 Methods and data49 521 Decoupling indicators and decoupling chart 49 522 Data collection 49 53 Results51 531 Decoupling of DEU 51 532 Decoupling of energy use 52 533 Decoupling of SO2 emissions 53 54 Discussion54 541 Discussion on the different decoupling conditions of these four countries 54 542 Distinguishing decoupling indicator from the changing rate of resource use & waste emissions 56 55 Conclusions58 References 60 Part Two Substance Flow Analysis Chapter 6 Two Approaches of Substance Flow Analysis 65 61 Introduction65 62 Some notes on fluid mechanics65 63 Specific feature of substance flow67 631 The chain of product life cycles 68 632 The chain group of product life cycles 68 64 The L method of substance flow analysis70 641 The L model of unsteady substance flow 70 642 The L model of steady substance flow 71 65 The E method of substance flow analysis71 651 The E model of unsteady substance flow 72 652 The E model of steady substance flow 73 66 Discussion74 67 Conclusion 75 References 76 Chapter 7 An Alternative Way of Substance Flow Analysis 77 71 Introduction77 72 Methods for studying substance flow 77 73 Modeling of substance flow 80 74 Basic equations of substance flow82 75 Illustrative example87 76 Concluding remarks 89 References 90 Chapter 8 On Steel Scrap Resources for Steel Industry 91 81 Introduction91 82 Analysis92 821 Several different sources of steel scrap 92 822 Steel scrap index 93 823 The relationship between output of steel and steel scrap index 93 83 Case study—The estimation of steel scrap index for China， the USA and Japan 96 831 Variation of annual output of steel 96 832 Method of estimating steel scrap index 96 833 The estimation of steel scrap index 98 834 Summary 99 84 Discussions 100 841 China 100 842 USA 100 843 Japan 100 85 Conclusions 100 References 101 Chapter 9 Eco-efficiency of Lead in China’s Lead-acid Battery System 102 91 Introduction 102 911 Background 102 912 The present study 103 92 Primary regulations 105 921 Methodology: The lead-flow diagram in the LAB system 105 922 Results and discussion 108 93 A Case study: The eco-efficiency of lead in China’s LAB system 110 931 Brief description of lead flow in the LAB system 110 932 Data sources 111 933 Results and discussion 112 94 Conclusions 115 References 116 Chapter 10 Copper Recycling in China 118 101 Introduction 118 1011 Background 118 1012 The investigative status quo of copper recycling in China and abroad 119 102 Copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle 120 103 An analysis of copper recycling for China in 2002 122 1031 A copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle for China in 2002 124 1032 The copper ore index， copper resource efficiency and copper scrap index of the copper industry for China in 2002 125 104 Results and discussion 127 105 Conclusions 129 References 131 Chapter 11 Bulk-Material Flow Analysis 133 111 Introduction 133 112 Basic B-MFA model 133 113 Hidden flows 136 114 Recyclable resources 138 1141 Categories of recyclable resources 138 1142 The recycling time of resources 138 1143 The difference between amounts of recycled materials in the years τ and (τ +1) 138 1144 The influence of total input amount of resources on the cyclical use rate (m3，τ ) 139 115 Two important B-MFA indicators 142 116 Case study on national level 143 References 150 Chapter 12 Resou
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