Preface 1 Introduction 1．1 Basic Configuration of Liquid Rocket Engines 1．1．1 Propellant Feed System 1．1．2 Thrust Chamber 1．2 Internal Combustion Processes of Liquid Rocket Engines 1．2．1 Start and Shutdown 1．2．2 Combustion Process 1．2．3 Performance Parameters in Working Process 1．3 Characteristics and Development History of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 1．3．1 Benefits of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 1．3．2 Main Contents of Numerical Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Operating Process 1．3．3 Development of Numerical Simulations of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 1．4 Governing Equations of Chemical Fluid Dynamics 1．5 Outline of this Book References 2 Physical Mechanism and Numerical Modeling of Liquid Propellant Atomization 2．1 Types and Functions of Injectors in a Liquid Rocket Engine 2．2 Atomization Mechanism of Liquid Propellant 2．2．1 Formation of Static Liquid Droplet 2．2．2 Breakup of Cylindrical Liquid Jet 2．2．3 Liquid Sheet Breakup 2．2．4 Droplet Secondary Breakup 2．3 Characteristics of Atomization in Liquid Rocket Engines 2．3．1 Distribution Function of the Droplet Size 2．3．2 Mean Diameter and Characteristic Diameter 2．3．3 Measurement of Spray Size Distribution 2．4 Atomization Modeling for Liquid Rocket Engine Atomizers 2．4．1 Straight-flow Injector 2．4．2 Centrifugal Injector 2．4．3 Impinging-stream Injectors 2．4．4 Coaxial Shear Injector 2．4．5 Coaxial Centrifugal Injectors 2．5 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Propellant Atomization 2．5．1 Theoretical Models of Liquid Propellant Atomization 2．5．2 Quasi-fluid Models 2．5．3 Particle Trajectory Models 2．5．4 Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization Using Interface Tracking Method 2．5．5 Liquid Jet Structure - Varying Flow Conditions References 3 Modeling of Droplet Evaporation and Combustion 3．1 Theory for Quasi-Steady Evaporation and Combustion of a Single Droplet at Atmospheric Pressure 3．1．1 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Single Droplet in the Static Gas without Combustion 3．1．2 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Droplet in a Static Gas with Combustion 3．1．3 Non-Combustion Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Flow 3．1．4 Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Medium with Combustion 3．2 Evaporation Model for a Single Droplet under High Pressure 3．2．1 ZKS Droplet High Pressure Evaporation Theory 3．2．2 Application of the Liquid Activity Coefficient to Calculate the Gas-Liquid Equilibrium at a High Pressure 3．3 Subcritical Evaporation Response Characteristics of Propellant Droplet in Oscillatory Environments 3．3．1 Physical Model 3．3．2 Examples and the Analysis of Results 3．4 Multicomponent Fuel Droplet Evaporation Model 3．4．1 Simple Multicomponent Droplet Evaporation Model 3．4．2 Continuous Thermodynamics Model of Complex Multicomponent Mixture Droplet Evaporation 3．5 Droplet Group Evaporation 3．5．1 Definition of Group Combustion Number 3．5．2 Droplet Group Combustion Model References 4 Modeling of Turbulence 4．1 Turbulence Modeling in RANS 4．1．1 Algebraic Model 4．1．2 One-Equation Model 4．1．3 Two-Equation Models 4．1．4 Turbulence Model Modification 4．1．5 Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model 4．1．6 Reynolds-Stress Model 4．1．7 Comments on the Models 4．2 Theories and Equations of Large Eddy Simulation 4．2．1 Philosophy behind LES 4．2．2 LES Governing Equations 4．2．3 Subgrid-Scale Model 4．2．4 Hybrid RANS/LES Methods 4．3 Two-Phase Turbulence Model 4．3．1 Hinze-Tchen Algebraic Model for Particle Turbulence 4．3．2 Two-Phase Turbulence Model k-e-kp and k-e-Ap References 5 Turbulent Combustion Model 5．1 Average of Chemical Reaction Term 5．2 Presumed PDF——Fast Chemistry Model for Diffusion Flame 5．2．1 Concepts and Assumptions 5．2．2 x-e-Z-g Equations 5．2．3 Probability Density Distribution Function 5．2．4 Presumed PDF 5．2．5 Truncated Gaussian PDF 5．3 Finite Rate EBU——Arrhenius Model for Premixed Flames 5．4 Moment-Equation Model 5．4．1 Time-Averaged Chemical Reaction Rate 5．4．2 Closure for the Moments 5．5 Flamelet Model for Turbulent Combustion 5．5．1 Diffusion Flamelet Model 5．5．2 Premixed Flamelet Model 5．6 Transported PDF Method for Turbulent Combustion 5．6．1 Transport Equations of the Probability Density Function 5．6．2 The Closure Problem of Turbulence PDF Equation 5．6．3 Transport Equation for the Single-Point Joint PDF with Density-Weighted Average 5．6．4 Solution Algorithm for the Transport Equation of Probability Density Function 5．7 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion 5．7．1 Governing Equations of Large Eddy Simulation for Turbulent Combustion 5．7．2 Sub-Grid Scale Combustion Models References 6 Heat Transfer Modeling and Simulation 6．1 Convective Heat Transfer Model of Combustor Wall 6．1．1 Model of Gas Convection Heat 6．1．2 Convection Cooling Model 6．2 Heat Conduction Model of Combustor Wall 6．2．1 Fourier Heat Conduction Law 6．2．2 1D Steady Heat Conduction 6．2．3 2D Steady Heat Conduction 6．2．4 Unsteady Heat Conduction 6．3 Radiation Heat Transfer Model 6．3．1 Basic Law of Radiation 6．3．2 Empirical Model of Radiation Heat Flux Density Calculation 6．3．3 Numerical Simulation of Combustion Heat Radiation References 7 The Model of Combustion Instability 7．1 Overview 7．1．1 Behavior of Combustion Instability 7．1．2 Classification of Combustion Instability 7．1．3 Characteristics of Combustion Instability 7．2 Acoustic Basis of Combustion Instability 7．2．1 Rayleigh Criterion for Acoustic Oscillations Arising from Heat or Mass Supply 7．2．2 Acoustic and Acoustic Oscillations 7．2．3 Acoustic Modes in the Combustion Chamber 7．2．4 Self-Excited Oscillations in Rocket Engines 7．3 Response Characteristics of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 7．3．1 Response Characteristics of the Propellant Supply System 7．3．2 Response Characteristics of Spray Atomization Process 7．3．3 Response Characteristics of Droplet Evaporation Process 7．4 Sensitive Time Delay Model n-z 7．4．1 Combustion Time Delay 7．4．2 Sensitive Time Delay Model 7．5 Nonlinear Theory for Combustion Stability in Liquid Rocket Engines 7．5．1 Nonlinear Field Oscillator Model 7．5．2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Acoustic Model 7．5．3 Spatio-Temporal Interaction Dynamic Model 7．5．4 General Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion Instability 7．6 Control of Unstable Combustion 7．6．1 Passive Control 7．6．2 Active Control 7．6．3 A Third Control Method References 8 Numerical Method and Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Process 8．1 Governing Equations of Two-Phase Multicomponent Reaction Flows 8．1．1 Gas Phase Governing Equation 8．1．2 Liquid Particle Trajectory Model 8．1．3 Turbulence Model 8．1．4 Droplets Atomizing Model 8．1．5 Droplet Evaporation Model 8．1．6 Chemical Reaction Kinetics Model 8．2 Numerical Methodology 8．2．1 Overview 8．2．2 The Commonly-Used Discretization Scheme 8．2．3 Discrete Equations 8．2．4 Discretization of the Momentum Equation Based on the Staggered Grid 8．2．5 The SIMPLE Algorithm of Flow Field Computing 8．2．6 PISO Algorithm 8．3 Grid Generation Techniques 8．3．1 Structured Grid Generation Technology 8．3．2 Unstructured Mesh Generation Techniques 8．4 Simulations of Combustion in Liquid Rocket Engines and Results Analysis 8．4．1 Numerical Analysis of Dual-States Hydrogen Engine Combustion and Heat Transfer Processes 8．4．2 Numerical Heat Transfer Simulation of a Three-Component Thrust Chamber 8．4．3 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Stability References Index
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