這才是心理學（第11版 英文版）

Contents
　　Preface?xiv
　　 1 Psychology Is Alive and Well
　　(and Doing Fine Among the Sciences) 1
　　The Freud Problem 1
　　The Diversity of Modern Psychology 3
　　Implications of Diversity 4
　　Unity in Science 4
　　What, Then, Is Science? 6
　　Systematic Empiricism 7
　　Publicly Verifiable Knowledge: Replication and Peer Review 8
　　Empirically Solvable Problems: Scientists’ Search for Testable Theories 10
　　Psychology and Folk Wisdom: The Problem with “Common Sense” 11
　　Psychology as a Young Science 15
　　Summary 16

　　 2 Falsifiability: How to Foil Little
　　Green Men in the Head 17
　　Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion 18
　　The Theory of Knocking Rhythms 19
　　Freud and Falsifiability 20
　　The Little Green Men 22
　　Not All Confirmations Are Equal 23
　　Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom 24
　　The Freedom to Admit a Mistake 25
　　Thoughts Are Cheap 27
　　Errors in Science: Getting Closer to the Truth 28
　　Summary 30

　　 3 Operationism and Essentialism:
　　“But, Doctor, What Does It Really Mean?” 31
　　Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists 31
　　Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words 32
　　Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events 32
　　Reliability and Validity 34
　　Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions 37
　　Scientific Concepts Evolve 38
　　Operational Definitions in Psychology 40
　　Operationism as a Humanizing Force 42
　　Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 43
　　Summary 44

　　 4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:
　　
5 Correlation and Causation: Birth
　　
　　 6 Getting Things Under Control:
　　

　　 7 “But It’s Not Real Life!”:
　　
　　 8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome:
　　The Importance of Converging Evidence 106
　　The Connectivity Principle 107
　　A Consumer’s Rule: Beware of Violations of Connectivity 108
　　The “Great-Leap” Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model 109
　　Converging Evidence: Progress Despite Flaws 110
　　Types of Converging Evidence 113
　　Scientific Consensus 118
　　Methods and the Convergence Principle 118
　　The Progression to More Powerful Methods 119
　　A Counsel Against Despair 122
　　Summary 124

　　 9 The Misguided Search for the “Magic Bullet”:
　　The Issue of Multiple Causation 125
　　The Concept of Interaction 126
　　The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation 128
　　Summary 131

　　 10 The Achilles’ Heel of Human
　　Cognition: Probabilistic Reasoning 132
　　“Person-Who” Statistics 135
　　Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 136
　　Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning 138
　　Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information 139
　　Failure to Use Sample-Size Information 140
　　The Gambler’s Fallacy 142
　　A Further Word About Statistics and Probability 144
　　Summary 146

　　 11 The Role of Chance in Psychology 147
　　The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events 147
　　Explaining Chance: Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control 150
　　Chance and Psychology 151
　　Coincidence 151
　　Personal Coincidences 153
　　Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error: Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction 155
　　Summary 160

　　 12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences 162
　　Psychology’s Image Problem 163
　　Psychology and Parapsychology 163
　　The Self-Help Literature 165
　　Recipe Knowledge 166
　　Psychology and Other Disciplines 167
　　Our Own Worst Enemies 168
　　Our Own Worst Enemies, Part II: Psychology
　　 Has Become an Ideological Monoculture 172
　　Isn’t Everyone a Psychologist? Implicit Theories of Behavior 178
　　The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology 179
　　The Final Word 182
　　References 183
　　Name Index 210
　　Subject Index 217