導(dǎo)言 vii Foreword to the second edition xix Preface xxviii Introduction xxxiv CHAPTER I Translators and the invention of alphabets 3 Ulfila， evangelist to the Goths 4 Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture 6 Cyril and Methodius among the Slavs 10 James Evans and the Cree of Canada 14 CHAPTER II Translators and the development of national languages 24 A language for England 25 The emancipation of French 37 Martin Luther： artisan of the German language 45 The flowering of the Swedish language 51 The evolution of the Gbaya language in Cameroon 54 Hebrew： a modern language for Israel 59 CHAPTER III Translators and the emergence of national literatures 71 Joost van den Vondel and the Dutch Golden Age 74 Translating Shakespeare to/on the European Continent 80 Changing sides： the case of Ireland 85 Speaking intimately to the Scottish soul – in translation 90 Jorge Luis Borges and the birth of Argentine literature 95 Translation and cultural exchange in African literatures 99 CHAPTER IV Translators and the dissemination of knowledge 112 China： importing knowledge through translation 115 India： at the crossroads of translation 120 Baghdad： centre of Arabic translation 125 Medieval Spain： cultural exchange and rebirth 130 The Nordic countries： breaking down the barriers of isolation 135 Machine translation： machines as translators? 140 CHAPTER V Translators and the reins of power 151 The Balfour Declaration： \
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