CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Foreword THE INFLUENCE OF ABRAHAM MASLOW 51 By Robert Frager Introduction 51 Maslow’s Influence 52 A Short Biography 56 References 65 ONE MOTIVATION THEORY 1 Chapter 1 Preface to Motivation Theory 2 Holistic Approach 2 A Paradigm for Motivational States 3 Means and Ends 5
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Motivation and Personality THIRD EDITION Unconscious Motivation 6 Commonality of Human Desires 6 Multiple Motivations 7 Motivating States 8 Satisfactions Generate New Motivations 9 Impossibility of Listing Drives 10 Classifying Motivation According to Fundamental Goals 12 Inadequacy of Animal Data 12 Environment 14 Integrated Action 16 Unmotivated Behaviors 17 Possibility of Attainment 18 Reality and the Unconscious 18 Motivation of Highest Human Capacities 21 Chapter 2 A Theory of Human Motivation 22 The Basic Need Hierarchy 22 The Basic Cognitive Needs 36 Characteristics of the Basic Needs 41 Chapter 3 Gratification of Basic Needs 52 Consequences of Satisfying a Basic Need 53 Learning and Gratification 56 Gratification and Character Formation 58 Gratification and Health 62 Gratification and Pathology 65 Implications of Gratification Theory 66 Influence of Gratification 70
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CONTENTS Chapter 4 Instinct Theory Reexamined 75 The Importance of Reexamination 75 Critique of Traditional Instinct Theory 77 Basic Needs In Instinct Theory 86 Chapter 5 The Hierarchy of Needs 92 Differences Between Higher and Lower Needs 93 Consequences of a Hierarchy of Needs 97 Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior 103 Coping Versus Expression 105 Expressive Behaviors 115 TWO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND NORMALITY 121 Chapter 7 Origins of Pathology 122 Deprivation and Threat 122 Conflict and Threat 125 Individual Definition of Threat 128 Trauma and Illness as Threat 129 Inhibition of Self-Actualization as Threat 130 The Source of Pathology 131 Summary 132 Chapter 8 Is Destructiveness Instinctive? 133 Animals 134 Children 138 Anthropology 142
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Motivation and Personality THIRD EDITION Clinical Experience 143 Endocrinology and Genetics 144 Theoretical Considerations 145 Destructiveness: Instinctive or Learned? 148 Chapter 9 Psychotherapy as Good Human Relationships 150 Psychotherapy and Need Grtification 153 Good Human Relationships 159 The Good Society 171 Professional Psychotherapy 176 Chapter 10 Approaches to Normality and Health 182 Standard Concepts 184 New Concepts 187 What We May Become 189 Inherent Human Nature 193 Differentiating the Inherent from the Accidental 195 Conditions for Health 197 Environment and Personality 199 Psychological Utopia 200 The Nature of Normality 201 THREE SELF-ACTUALIZATION 203 Chapter 11 Self-actualizing People:A Study of Psychological Health 204 The Study 205
The Observations 209 Chapter 12 Love in Self-actualizing People 247 Openness 248 To Love and Be Loved 248 Sexuality 249 Ego-Transcendence 252 Fun and Gaiety 253 Respect for Others 253 Love As Its Own Reward 255 Altruistic Love 257 Detachment and Individuality 258
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