Contents 導(dǎo) 讀 金 艷 iii Abbreviations xv Series Editors’ note xix Acknowledgements xxvii Notes on contributors xxx 1 Introduction 1 Lynda Taylor 2 Test taker characteristics 39 Barry O’Sullivan and Anthony Green 3 Cognitive validity 71 John Field 4 Context validity 126 Evelina Galaczi and Angela ffrench 5 Scoring validity 194 Lynda Taylor and Evelina Galaczi 6 Consequential validity 269 Roger Hawkey 7 Criterion-related validity 298 Hanan Khalifa and Angeliki Salamoura 8 Conclusions and recommendations 337 Cyril Weir and Lynda Taylor Appendices Appendix A: Sample Speaking tasks at five levels 363 Appendix B: Candidate Information Sheet (CIS) 376 Appendix C: Standard procedures for the production of Speaking test material 378 Appendix D: Administrative setting and management of the Speaking tests 386 Appendix E: ESOL Staff Induction Worksheet on the CEFR 399 References 401 Author index 427 Subject index 432