Contents Chapter 1.Introduction: what is SWH .........................................................................1 1.1 A brief history of SWH..........................................................................3 1.2 Different terms used to address SWH .................................................13 1.3 Different interpretations of SWH ........................................................19 1.4 Misusage .............................................................................................23 1.5 Key terms in SWH ..............................................................................26 1.6 Summary: What is SWH .....................................................................32 Chapter 2 Literature review of empirical studies on SWH ....................................33 2.1 Literature review on empirical studies in the neo-Whorfian period (articles presented in English) .............................................................38 2.2 Literature review on empirical studies in the neo-Whorfian period (articles presented in Chinese) ............................................................98 2.3 Summary ...........................................................................................101 Chapter 3 Research methodology: the neo-Whorfian research paradigm .......103 3.1 Picking a domain: the domain of time .............................................104 3.2 Linguistic coding of time in Chinese and English ............................109 3.3 Non-linguistic coding of time in the cognition of native speakers of Chinese and English: temporal representations in cognition ............120 3.4 Summary ..........................................................................................136 Chapter 4 Do native Chinese and English speakers think about time differently because they talk about time differently ..........................137 4.1 Experiment 1: time in spontaneous gestures .....................................139 4.2 Experiment 2: time in deliberate gestures .........................................171 4.3 Experiment 3: the STARC effect .......................................................215 Chapter 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................238 5.1 Answers to the research questions .....................................................238 5.2 Weaknesses of the present research ..................................................243 References .......................................................................................................................245 Appendixes.....................................................................................................................269 Appendix 1: spontaneous gestures of native Chinese speakers (presented in interview order) ....................................................................270 Appendix 2: spontaneous gestures of native English speakers (presented in interview order) ....................................................................285 Appendix 3: questions for native Chinese speakers in Experiment 2 ........307 Appendix 4: questions for native English speakers in Experiment 2 .........308