空間科學概論（英文版）

Contents
Foreword i
Preface iii
Chapter 1 Reasons to Conduct Research in Space 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 To Explore the Unknown Space Environment 2
1.3 To Break Free from the Barrier of Atmosphere to Electromagnetic Wave 3
1.4 To Utilize the Orbital Altitude Resources 3
1.5 To Unveil the Mystery of the Earth’s Gravitational Field 4
1.6 To Make Full Use of Other Aspects of Space Environments 5
1.7 Definition of Space Science 5
References 7
Chapter 2 History of Human Space Exploration 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 History of Space Exploration 9
2.3 Technology Advancement of Ground-based Observations Since Galileo 12
2.4 A Brief History of Human’s Access to Space 16
2.5 Recent Technology Progress of Space Exploration 21
2.5.1 Rocketry 21
2.5.2 Satellite and Spacecraft 23
2.5.3 TT&C and Communication 24
2.5.4 Launch and Recovery 25
References 26
Chapter 3 Major Frontier Issues in Space Science (Ⅰ) 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Origin of the Universe and Its Evolution 28
3.2.1 Time Dimension 28 3.2.2 Spatial Dimension 30
3.2.3 Questions of Great Significance 31
3.3 Impact of Solar Activities on Human Beings 37
3.3.1 Solar Activity 37
3.3.2 Interplanetary Space Weather 37
3.3.3 Magnetosphere of the Earth 38
3.3.4 Earth’s Ionosphere 40
3.3.5 Middle and Upper Atmosphere 41
3.3.6 Questions of Great Significance 42
References 44
Chapter 4 Major Frontiers Issues in Space Science (Ⅱ) 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Earth System and Its Future Changes 45
4.2.1 Spheres and Cycles of the Earth 45
4.2.2 Questions of Great Significance 52
4.3 Microgravity Science and Space Life Sciences 53
4.3.1 How to Simulate Microgravity Environment 53
4.3.2 What Changes Under Microgravity? 57
4.3.3 Biological Radiation Effect 58
4.3.4 Fundamental Physics Experiment 58
4.3.5 Questions of Great Significance 59
References 60
Chapter 5 Space Systems Engineering and Its Systems 61
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Space Systems Engineering 61
5.2.1 Complexity 62
5.2.2 High Risk 63
5.2.3 High Cost 64
5.2.4 Sensitiveness to Political and Social Benefits 65
5.3 System Components of Space Systems Engineering 66
5.3.1 Satellite / Spacecraft System 67
5.3.2 Launch Vehicle System 67
5.3.3 Launch Site System 68
5.3.4 TT&C System 72
5.3.5 Ground Application System 73 Reference 74
Chapter 6 Technical Fundamentals (Ⅰ): Orbit， Attitude， and TT&C 75
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Basic Concepts About Space and Time 75
6.2.1 About Position 76
6.2.2 About Time 78
6.3 Fundamentals of Spacecraft Orbit Dynamics 79
6.3.1 Johannes Kepler’s Three Major Laws of Planetary Motion 79
6.3.2 Spacecraft Orbit Dynamics 80
6.3.3 Examples of Commonly-Used Orbits 82
6.3.4 Orbit Maneuver and Limited Thrust 85
6.4 Fundamentals of Satellite Altitude Dynamics 87
6.4.1 Commonly-Used Altitude Stabilization Methods 87
6.4.2 Satellite Attitudes Description 88
6.4.3 Satellite Attitude Control 89
6.5 TT&C 90
6.5.1 Responsibilities of the TT&C System 90
6.5.2 Technical Systems of the TT&C System 91
6.5.3 Chinese TT&C Network 91
6.5.4 Satellite Tracking and Methods of Orbit Measurement and Determination 92
References 93
Chapter 7 Technical Fundamentals (Ⅱ): Scientific Payloads and Its Application Environment 94
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Space Science and Science Payloads 95
7.2.1 Electrostatic Field， Magnetostatic Field， and Low-frequency Electromagnetic Wave Detectors 96
7.2.2 Low-frequency Radio Sensor 97
7.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensor 98
7.2.4 Millimeter-wave and Submillimeter-wave Remote Sensor 99
7.2.5 Terahertz Remote Sensor 99
7.2.6 Infrared Remote Sensor 100
7.2.7 Visible Light Remote Sensor 101
7.2.8 Ultraviolet Remote Sensor 102
7.2.9 X-ray Remote Sensor 102
7.2.10 Gamma-ray Detectors 103
7.2.11 Electron and Particle Detectors 104
7.2.12 Utility Equipment 104
7.3 Satellite’s Environmental Requirements for the Science Payloads 105
7.3.1 Mechanical Environment Requirements 105
7.3.2 Thermal Environment Requirements 107
7.3.3 Power Usage Requirements 108
7.3.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility Environment Requirements 108
7.3.5 Control and Information Usage Requirements 110
7.3.6 Radiation Environment Requirements 110
References 111
Chapter 8 Technical Fundamentals (Ⅲ): Mission Planning and Operations 112
8.1 Introduction 112
8.2 Application System of Space Science Missions 113
8.2.1 Six Systems of Space Science Missions 113
8.2.2 Science Application System 113
8.2.3 Ground Support System 114
8.2.4 System Development Procedure 114
8.3 Planning of Space Science Missions 115
8.3.1 Analysis of the Requirements for Detection and Experiment 115
8.3.2 Spacecraft Conditions and Resource Constraints 118
8.3.3 Compiling and Execution of Mission Plans 121
8.4