格雷戈里·巴沙姆（Gregory Bassham）是賓夕法尼亞州國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)榮譽退休教授，著述頗豐，已編輯多部書稿，新近出版的作品是《睡前讀物之哲學(xué)：從西方哲學(xué)的誕生到〈善地〉》（2021）。 威廉·歐文（William Irwin）是國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)教授，已出版多部學(xué)術(shù)著作、小說、教材，并發(fā)表多篇學(xué)術(shù)文章，主要研究方向為美學(xué)、存在主義、釋經(jīng)學(xué)。 亨利·納爾多內(nèi)（Henry Nardone）是國王學(xué)院的哲學(xué)榮譽退休教授，已發(fā)表多篇關(guān)于批判性思維和美學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)文章。 詹姆斯·M. 華萊士（James M. Wallace）是國王學(xué)院的英語教授，多次出席關(guān)于寫作教學(xué)、文學(xué)研究、批判性思維等主題的會議，已在同行評審期刊上發(fā)表文章。
圖書目錄
A Personal Word to Students vii Preface ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Critical Thinking 1 What Is Critical Thinking? 1 Critical Thinking Standards 2 The Benefits of Critical Thinking 7 Barriers to Critical Thinking 9 Qualities of a Critical Thinker 26
Chapter 2 Recognizing Arguments 31 What Is an Argument? 31 Identifying Premises and Conclusions 36 What Is Not an Argument? 41
Chapter 3 Basic Logical Concepts 55 Deduction and Induction 55 How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive? 58 Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning 64 Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning 69 Deductive Validity 74 Inductive Strength 79
Chapter 4 Language 88 Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision 88 The Importance of Precise Definitions 95 Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth 107 Euphemisms and Political Correctness 117
Chapter 5 Logical Fallacies—I 122 The Concept of Relevance 122 Fallacies of Relevance 125
Chapter 6 Logical Fallacies—II 143 Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence 143
Chapter 8 Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims 197 When Is an Argument a Good One? 197 When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise? 200 Refuting Arguments 205
Chapter 9 A Little Categorical Logic 234 Categorical Statements 235 Translating into Standard Categorical Form 239 Categorical Syllogisms 247
Chapter 10 A Little Propositional Logic 263 Conjunction 264 Conjunction and Validity 267 Negation 272 Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction 277 Disjunction 283 Conditional Statements 287
Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 298 Introduction to Induction 298 Inductive Generalizations 299 Statistical Arguments 309 Induction and Analogy 315 Induction and Causal Arguments 324 A Few Words about Probability 330
Chapter 12 Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources 338 Finding Sources 340 Evaluating Informational Sources 349 Taking Notes 364 Using Sources 373
Chapter 13 Writing Argumentative Essays 382 Writing a Successful Argument 383 Before You Write 384 Writing the First Draft 402 After the First Draft 407
Chapter 14 Thinking Critically about the Media 417 Mass Media and Social Media 417 The News 422 News Media Bias 433 Media Literacy 445 Advertising 446
Chapter 15 Science and Pseudoscience 460 The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning 460 The Limitations of Science 467 How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience 470 A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology 480
Appendix: The Six Habits of Effective Problem Solvers A-1 Answers to Selected Exercises ANS-1 Index I-1
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