朗文新編英語語法

目錄
診斷測試 1
1 Present tenses 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)
1.1 PRESENT SIMPLE 一般現(xiàn)在時 37
1.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 38
1.3 VERBS RARELY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS 極少用于進(jìn)行時的動詞 40
2 Past tenses 過去時態(tài)
2.1 PAST SIMPLE 一般過去時 47
2.2 PAST CONTINUOUS 過去進(jìn)行時 48
2.3 PAST PERFECT 過去完成時 50
2.4 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 過去完成進(jìn)行時 51
2.5 USED TO/WOULD 52
3 Past to present tenses 過去—現(xiàn)在時態(tài)
3.1 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE 現(xiàn)在完成時（一般形式） 58
3.2 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE—DIFFERENCES 現(xiàn)在完成時與
一般過去時的區(qū)別 62
3.3 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 62
3.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS—DIFFERENCES
現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別 64
小結(jié)：1~3 單元 70
4 The future 將來（一）
4.1 PREDICTION 預(yù)見 72
4.2 DECISIONS AND INTENTIONS 決定和意圖 74
4.3 ARRANGEMENTS 安排 75
4.4 OTHER FUTURE MEANINGS 其他將來概念 76
5 The future 將來（二）
5.1 EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING 將來概念的表達(dá) 82
5.2 VERBS WITH FUTURE MEANING 具有將來含義的動詞 84
5.3 FUTURE IN THE PAST 過去將來 85
小結(jié)：4~5 單元 90
6 Negation 否定
6.1 NEGATIVE STATEMENTS 否定陳述句 92
6.2 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS 否定疑問句 95
6.3 WORDS WHICH CARRY NEGATIVE MEANING 含否定意義的詞語 97
7 Questions 疑問句
7.1 CLOSED AND OPEN QUESTIONS 封閉疑問句和開放疑問句 104
7.2 TAG QUESTIONS 附加疑問句 107
7.3 INDIRECT QUESTIONS 間接疑問句 109
7.4 ECHO QUESTIONS 回聲疑問句 110
8 Passives, causatives and get 被動態(tài)、使役式和 get
8.1 PASSIVE FORMS 被動態(tài)的形式 116
8.2 PASSIVE -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES -ing 形式和不定式的被動態(tài) 119
8.3 HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE have/get + 賓語 + 過去分詞 120
8.4 USE OF THE PASSIVE 被動態(tài)用法 121
9 Reported speech 轉(zhuǎn)述引語
9.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 直接引語和間接引語 128
9.2 INDIRECT STATEMENTS 間接陳述句 128
9.3 INDIRECT [REPORTED] QUESTIONS 間接（轉(zhuǎn)述）疑問句 132
9.4 INDIRECT COMMANDS AND REQUESTS 間接命令和請求 133
9.5 REPORTING VERBS AND THEIR PATTERNS 轉(zhuǎn)述動詞及其句型 133
10 Conditionals 條件句
10.1 GENERAL POINTS ON CONDITIONALS 條件句概述 140
10.2 ZERO CONDITIONAL 零類條件句 141
10.3 FIRST CONDITIONAL 一類條件句 141
10.4 SECOND CONDITIONAL 二類條件句 143
10.5 THIRD CONDITIONAL 三類條件句 145
10.6 MIXED CONDITIONALS 混合條件句 146
10.7 ALTERNATIVES TO IF if 的替換表達(dá) 146
11 The subjunctive and ‘unreal’ uses of past forms
虛擬式和過去時態(tài)的“非真實(shí)”用法
11.1 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 虛擬式 154
11.2 THE ‘UNREAL’ PAST“非真實(shí)”過去 155
11.3 WISH/IF ONLY 158
小結(jié)：10~11 單元 165
12 -ing forms and infinitives -ing 形式和不定式
12.1 -ING FORMS -ing 形式 167
12.2 INFINITIVES 不定式 168
12.3 VERBS FOLLOWED BY –ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES 動詞后跟 -ing 形式和不定式 170
13 Participle and infinitive phrases 分詞短語和不定式短語
13.1 PARTICIPLE PHRASES—FORM AND USE 分詞短語——形式和用法 179
13.2 TYPES OF PARTICIPLE PHRASE 分詞短語的類型 180
13.3 INFINITIVE PHRASES—FORM AND USE 不定式短語——形式和用法 182
13.4 TYPES OF INFINITIVE PHRASE 不定式短語的類型 183
13.5 USES IN DISCOURSE 語篇中的用法 184
14 Multi-word verbs 多詞動詞
14.1 FORM AND USE 形式和用法 189
14.2 PHRASAL VERBS 短語動詞 190
14.3 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 介詞動詞 191
14.4 PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 短語介詞動詞 192
14.5 WORD LIST: COMMON MULTI-WORD VERBS 詞表：常用多詞動詞 193
15 Dependent prepositions 依存介詞
15.1 GENERAL RULES 一般規(guī)則 199
15.2 VERB + PREPOSITION PATTERNS 動詞 + 介詞的搭配 200
15.3 NOUN + PREPOSITION 名詞 + 介詞 202
15.4 ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE + PREPOSITION 形容詞 / 分詞 + 介詞 203
15.5 WORD LIST: DEPENDENT PREPOSITION PATTERNS 詞表：依存介詞的搭配 204
16 Modal verb 情態(tài)動詞（一）
can, could, may, might, be able to
16.1 ABILITY 能力 211
16.2 POSSIBILITY, DEDUCTION AND SPECULATION 可能、推斷和推測 213
16.3 ARRANGEMENTS, SUGGESTIONS, OFFERS, ETC. 安排、建議、意愿等 216
16.4 ASKING FOR AND GIVING/REFUSING PERMISSION 請求、準(zhǔn)予或拒絕許可 217
17 Modal verb 情態(tài)動詞（二）
must, should, ought to, have to, need to
17.1 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY 義務(wù)和必須 222
17.2 PROHIBITION AND CRITICISM 禁止和批評 225
17.3 ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY 無義務(wù)或非必須 226
17.4 RECOMMENDATION AND ADVICE 推薦和建議 227
17.5 LOGICAL DEDUCTION AND PROBABILITY 邏輯推斷和概率 228
18 Modal verbs 情態(tài)動詞（三）will, would, shall
18.1 PREDICTION AND CERTAINTY 預(yù)見和確信 234
18.2 CHARACTERISTICS, HABITS, AND ROUTINES 特性、習(xí)慣和常規(guī) 235
18.3 WILLINGNESS AND REFUSAL 愿意和拒絕 237
18.4 OTHER USES OF WILL/SHALL/WOULD will/shall/would 的其他用法 238
18.5 HYPOTHETICAL WOULD would 表示假設(shè) 240
小結(jié)：16~18 單元 246
19 Auxiliaries, have (got), do 助動詞、have (got)、do
19.1 AUXILIARY VERBS 助動詞 250
19.2 EMPHASIS 強(qiáng)調(diào) 252
19.3 HAVE AND DO have 和 do 253
19.4 have got 255
20 Confusing verbs 易混動詞
20.1 FALSE SYNONYMS 假同義詞 261
20.2 OPPOSITE PAIRS 反義動詞 266
21 Adjectives 形容詞
21.1 ADJECTIVE PATTERNS 形容詞類型 272
21.2 PARTICIPLE (-ING OR -ED) ADJECTIVES 分詞形容詞 275
21.3 GROUPS OF ADJECTIVES 形容詞組合 276
22 Comparison 比較
22.1 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES 形容詞比較級和高級 282
22.2 ADJECTIVES WITH AS, SO, TOO, ENOUGH AND SUCH
與 as、so、too、enough 和 such 連用的形容詞 285
22.3 OTHER TYPES OF COMPARISON 其他類型的比較 287
23 Gradable and adjectives 等級形容詞和非等級形容詞
23.1 MODIFYING GRADABEL ADJECTIVES 修飾等級形容詞 293
23.2 MODIFYING UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES 修飾非等級形容詞 295
23.3 MODIFYING ADJECTIVES IN INFORMAL ENGLISH 修飾非正式英語中的形容詞 296
23.4 COMMON ADVERB + ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS 副詞 + 形容詞的常用搭配 297
24 Adverbs 副詞
24.1 FORM 形式 303
24.2 USE 用法 304
24.3 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN SENTENCES 副詞在句中的位置 305
24.4 SENTENCE ADVERBS 句副詞 307
25 Nouns and noun phrases 名詞和名詞短語
25.1 BASIC POINTS 基本要點(diǎn) 313
25.2 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS 單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞 313
25.3 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 314
25.4 AGREEMENT 主謂一致 316
25.5 NOMINALISATION 名詞化 318
26 Possessives and compound nouns 屬格和復(fù)合名詞
26.1 FORM AND MEANING 形式和意義 324
26.2 THE GENITIVE (’S) OR OF STRUCTURE ’s 所有格和 of 結(jié)構(gòu) 325
26.3 SPECIFYING OR CLASSIFYING POSSESSIVES AND COMPOUND NOUNS
限定屬格、分類屬格以及復(fù)合名詞 328
27 Pronouns 代詞
27.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 人稱代詞 334
27.2 REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 反身代詞和相互代詞 337
27.3 ‘IMPERSONAL’ PRONOUNS“無人稱”代詞 339
27.4 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS 不定代詞和不定副詞 340
28 Determiners 限定詞
28.1 ARTICLES 冠詞 346
28.2 DEMONSTRATIVES 指示詞 349
28.3 QUANTIFIERS 數(shù)量詞 350
29 Prepositions 介詞
29.1 INTRODUCTION 簡介 358
29.2 MEANING AND USE 意義和用法 358
29.3 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 介詞短語 366
30 Word order and verb patterns 語序和動詞搭配
30.1 WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH 英語的語序 372
30.2 VERB PATTERNS 動詞搭配 373
30.3 LINKING CLAUSES 分句的連接 377
31 Relative clauses 關(guān)系分句
31.1 RELATIVE CLAUSES 關(guān)系分句 384
31.2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 387
32 Contrast 對比
32.1 CONJUNCTIONS OF CONTRAST 對比連詞 394
32.2 PREPOSITIONS OF CONTRAST 對比介詞 396
32.3 ADVERBS OF CONTRAST 對比副詞 397
33 Introductory there and it 引導(dǎo)詞 there 和 it
33.1 INTRODUCTORY THERE 引導(dǎo)詞 there 402
33.2 INTRODUCTORY/IMPERSONAL IT 引導(dǎo)詞和“無人稱”代詞 it 404
34 Emphatic structures and inversion 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)和倒裝
34.1 CLEFT SENTENCES 分裂句 412
34.2 FRONTING 前置 415
34.3 INVERSION 倒裝 417
35 Aspects of cohesion 銜接要點(diǎn)
35.1 TYPES OF TEXT REFERENCE 篇章照應(yīng)類型 424
35.2 SUBSTITUTION 替換 425
35.3 ELLIPSIS 省略 429
36 Features of discourse 語篇特征
36.1 ORDERING INFORMATION 信息排序 436
36.2 DISCOURSE DEVICES 語篇手段 439
診斷測試參考答案 446
單元練習(xí)參考答案 456