射電天文學(xué)（英文版 全2冊）

射電天文學(xué). 觀測方法 分冊目錄
CHAPTER 1 Introductory Material 射電天文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIO ASTRONOMY 射電天文學(xué)簡史
1.2 SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIO WAVES 射電波的一些基本原理
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 電磁輻射
1.2.2 Spectroscopy 頻譜學(xué)
1.3 FINDING OUR WAY IN THE SKY 在天空中定位
1.3.1 Sky Coordinate System: Right Ascension and Declination 天球坐標(biāo)系：赤經(jīng)和赤緯
1.3.2 Observer-Centered Definitions 以觀測者為中心的定義
1.3.3 Apparent Sizes 表觀尺寸
1.4 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A TRADITIONAL RADIO TELESCOPE 傳統(tǒng)射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
1.4.1 Parabolic Reflector 拋物面式反射面
1.4.2 Mount 座架
1.4.3 Feeds, Receivers, and Computer 饋源、接收機(jī)和計算機(jī)
1.5 RADIO MAPS 射電成圖
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Radiation Physics 輻射物理學(xué)簡介
2.1 MEASURES OF THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION 輻射量的測量
2.1.1 Total Energy Emitted 輻射的總能量
2.1.2 Luminosity 光度
2.1.3 Flux 流量
2.1.4 Flux Density 流量密度
2.1.5 Intensity 強(qiáng)度
2.1.6 Relation between Intensity and the Electric Field and Magnetic Field Waves 強(qiáng)度與電磁場波之間的關(guān)系
2.2 BLACKBODY RADIATION 黑體輻射
2.3 RAYLEIGHCJEANS APPROXIMATION 瑞利C金斯近似
2.4 BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE 亮溫度
2.5 COHERENT RADIATION 相干輻射
2.6 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 光的干涉
2.7 POLARIZATION OF RADIATION 輻射的偏振
2.7.1 Stokes Parameters 斯托克斯參數(shù)
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 3 Radio Telescopes 射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡
3.1 RADIO TELESCOPE REFLECTORS, ANTENNAS, AND FEEDS 射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡的反射面、天線和饋源
3.1.1 Primary Reflectors 主反射面
3.1.2 Beam Pattern 波束圖
3.1.3 Feeds and Primary Reflector Illumination 饋源和主反射面照明
3.1.4 Surface Errors 表面誤差
3.1.5 Beam Pattern Revisited* 再談波束圖
3.2 HETERODYNE RECEIVERS 外差式接收機(jī)
3.2.1 Transmission Lines 傳輸線
3.2.2 Front-End Receiver Components 接收機(jī)前端組件
3.2.3 Back-End Receiver Components 接收機(jī)后端組件
3.2.4 High-Frequency Heterodyne Receivers 高頻外差式接收機(jī)
3.3 NOISE, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND ANTENNA TEMPERATURE 噪聲、噪聲溫度和天線溫度
3.4 BOLOMETER DETECTORS 輻射熱探測計
3.5 SPECTROMETERS 頻譜儀
3.5.1 Filter Bank Spectrometer 濾波器組式頻譜儀
3.5.2 Digital Spectrometers* 數(shù)字式頻譜儀
3.6 VERY LOW-FREQUENCY RADIO ASTRONOMY 甚低頻射電天文學(xué)
3.6.1 Low-Frequency Window 低頻窗口
3.6.2 Antennas 天線
3.6.3 Receivers 接收機(jī)
3.6.4 Radio Frequency Interference 射頻干擾
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 4 Single-Dish Radio Telescope Observations 單口徑射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀測
4.1 BASIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A SINGLE-DISH TELESCOPE 單口徑望遠(yuǎn)鏡的基本測量
4.1.1 Switched Observations 開關(guān)式觀測
4.1.2 Determination of System Temperature 系統(tǒng)溫度的確定
4.1.3 Measurement of Antenna Temperature 天線溫度的測量
4.1.4 Uncertainty in the Measured Antenna Temperature 測量天線溫度的不確定性
4.2 ANTENNA BEAM 天線波束
4.2.1 Beam Power Pattern and Antenna Solid Angle 波束功率方向圖和天線立體角
4.2.2 Main Beam and Angular Resolution 主波束和角分辨率
4.2.3 Main Beam Efficiency 主波束效率
4.2.4 Detected Power from Extended Sources 從擴(kuò)展源中探測功率
4.3 OBSERVING RESOLVED VERSUS UNRESOLVED SOURCES 觀測可解析源與不可解析源
4.3.1 Unresolved Sources 不可解析源
4.3.2 Resolved Sources 可解析源
4.3.3 Uniform Source That Fills the Sky 充滿天空的均勻源
4.3.4 Brightness Temperature versus Antenna Temperature, Beam Dilution, and Beam Filling Factor 亮溫度與天線溫度、波束稀釋和波束填充系數(shù)的關(guān)系
4.4 SPECTRAL-LINE OBSERVATIONS 譜線觀測
4.4.1 Spectral Parameters 頻譜參數(shù)
4.4.2 Frequency Switching 頻率切換
4.5 OBTAINING RADIO IMAGES 獲取射電圖像
4.5.1 Convolution with Beam Pattern 與波束圖的卷積
4.5.2 Deconvolution 去卷積
4.6 CALIBRATION OF A RADIO TELESCOPE 射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡的校準(zhǔn)
4.6.1 Pointing Corrections 指向校正
4.6.2 Calibration of the Gain, Effective Area, and Gain Curve 增益、有效面積和增益曲線的校準(zhǔn)
4.6.3 Measuring the Beam Pattern and Main Beam Efficiency 測量波束圖和主波束效率
4.6.4 Calculating Antenna Solid Angle and Main Beam Efficiency 計算天線立體角和主波束效率
4.7 TELESCOPE SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING AN OBSERVATION 規(guī)劃觀測時關(guān)于望遠(yuǎn)鏡靈敏度的考慮
4.8 POLARIZATION CALIBRATION* 偏振校準(zhǔn)
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 5 Aperture Synthesis Basics: Two-Element Interferometers 綜合孔徑基礎(chǔ)：兩單元干涉儀
5.1 WHY APERTURE SYNTHESIS 為什么要綜合孔徑
5.2 TWO-ELEMENT INTERFEROMETER 兩單元干涉儀
5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF A SINGLE-POINT SOURCE 單點源的觀測
5.3.1 Response of the Additive Interferometer 相加干涉儀的響應(yīng)
5.3.2 Response of the Multiplicative Interferometer 相關(guān)干涉儀的響應(yīng)
5.3.3 Effect of Noise 噪聲的影響
5.4 FRINGE FUNCTION 條紋函數(shù)
5.5 VISIBILITY FUNCTION 可見度函數(shù)
5.5.1 Analysis of Visibilities for a Single-Point Source 點源的可見度函數(shù)分析
5.6 OBSERVATIONS OF A PAIR OF UNRESOLVED SOURCES 一對不可解析源的觀測
5.7 OBSERVATIONS OF A SINGLE EXTENDED SOURCE 單個擴(kuò)展源的觀測
5.8 COHERENCE AND THE EFFECTS OF FINITE BANDWIDTH AND INTEGRATION TIME 有限帶寬與積分時間的相干性及其影響
5.8.1 Bandwidth Smearing 帶寬導(dǎo)致的模糊
5.8.2 Time Smearing 時間導(dǎo)致的模糊
5.9 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERFEROMETRY 干涉測量的基本原理
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 6 Aperture Synthesis: Advanced Discussion 綜合孔徑： 討論
6.1 CROSS-CORRELATION OF RECEIVED SIGNALS 接收信號的互相關(guān)
6.2 COMPLEX-VALUED CROSS-CORRELATION 復(fù)值互相關(guān)
6.3 COMPLEX CORRELATION OF A POINT SOURCE AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY 單頻上點源的復(fù)相關(guān)
6.4 EXTENDED SOURCES AND THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 擴(kuò)展源和傅里葉變換
6.5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOR SOME COMMON SOURCE SHAPES 常見形狀源的傅里葉變換
6.5.1 Visibility Function of a Point Source 點源的可見度函數(shù)
6.5.2 Visibility Function of Two Point Sources 雙點源的可見度函數(shù)
6.5.3 Visibility Function of a Gaussian Profile 高斯輪廓源的可見度函數(shù)
6.6 THREE DIMENSIONS, THE EARTH’S ROTATION, AND THE COMPLEX FRINGE FUNCTION 三維空間、地球自轉(zhuǎn)和復(fù)條紋函數(shù)
6.7 NONZERO BANDWIDTH AND FINITE INTEGRATION TIME 非零帶寬和有限積分時間
6.8 SOURCE STRUCTURE AND THE VISIBILITY FUNCTION 源結(jié)構(gòu)和可見度函數(shù)
6.8.1 Sky Coordinates and the Visibility Function 天球坐標(biāo)和可見度函數(shù)
6.8.2 uv-Plane uv平面
6.8.3 Visibility Functions of Simple Structures 簡單結(jié)構(gòu)的可見度函數(shù)
6.9 THE EARTH’S ROTATION AND UV TRACKS 地球自轉(zhuǎn)和 uv 軌跡
6.10 INTERFEROMETERS AS SPATIAL FILTERS 干涉儀作為空間濾波器
6.11 SENSITIVITY AND DETECTION LIMITS 靈敏度和探測極限
6.11.1 Noise in a Visibility 可見度中的噪聲
6.11.2 Image Sensitivity 圖像靈敏度
6.11.3 Brightness Sensitivity 亮度靈敏度
6.12 CALIBRATION 校準(zhǔn)
6.13 IMAGE FORMATION 圖像形成
6.13.1 Image Dimensions and Gridding Parameters 圖像尺寸和網(wǎng)格參數(shù)
6.13.2 Dirty Map and Dirty Beam 臟圖和臟波束
6.13.3 uv Weighting Schemes uv加權(quán)方案
6.13.4 CLEANing the Map: Deconvolving the Dirty Beam 潔化圖像：對臟波束去卷積
6.13.5 Self-Calibration and Closure Phase and Amplitude 自校準(zhǔn)、閉合相位和振幅
6.14 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY* 甚長基線干涉測量（VLBI）
6.14.1 VLBI Resolution and Sensitivity VLBI的分辨率和靈敏度
6.14.2 Hardware Considerations for VLBI VLBI的硬件考慮
6.14.3 Fringe Searching or Fringe Fitting 條紋搜索或條紋擬合
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
Appendix A Constants and Conversions 常量及其單位換算
Appendix B Derivation of Beam Pattern 波束圖的推導(dǎo)
Appendix C Cross-Correlations 互相關(guān)
Appendix D Complex-Exponential Form of Wave Functions 波函數(shù)的復(fù)指數(shù)形式
Appendix E Primer on Fourier Transforms, with Focus on Use in Aperture Synthesis 綜合孔徑應(yīng)用中的傅里葉變換
Appendix F Wiener-Khinchin Theorem 維納-欣欽定理
Appendix G Interferometer Simulation Activities 干涉儀的仿真
Index 索引
射電天文學(xué). 天體物理學(xué) 分冊目錄
CHAPTER 1 Introductory Material 射電天文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
1.1 UNITS AND NOMENCLATURE 單位和命名法
1.1.1 Issues with Units of Electricity and Magnetism 電和磁單位的問題
1.1.2 Astronomy Units 天文學(xué)單位
1.1.3 Nomenclature for Atomic Ionization States 原子電離態(tài)的命名法
1.2 RADIATION MEASURES 輻射測量
1.2.1 Luminosity 光度
1.2.2 Flux 流量
1.2.3 Flux Density 流量密度
1.2.4 Intensity 強(qiáng)度
1.2.5 Polarization 偏振
1.3 SKY COORDINATES 天球坐標(biāo)系
1.3.1 Equatorial Coordinate System 赤道坐標(biāo)系
1.3.2 Galactic Coordinate System 銀河坐標(biāo)系
1.4 DOPPLER EFFECT 多普勒效應(yīng)
1.4.1 Classical Doppler Effect 經(jīng)典多普勒效應(yīng)
1.4.2 Relativistic Doppler Effect 相對論多普勒效應(yīng)
1.5 COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 宇宙學(xué)紅移和膨脹的宇宙
1.6 DISTANCE AND AGE CALCULATIONS 距離和年齡的計算
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 2 Propagation of Radiation 輻射的傳播
2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 輻射轉(zhuǎn)移
2.1.1 Absorption of Radiation 輻射的吸收
2.1.2 Emission of Radiation 輻射的發(fā)射
2.1.3 General Radiative Transfer Equation 一般輻射轉(zhuǎn)移方程
2.2 PROPAGATION IN AN IONIZED MEDIUM 在電離介質(zhì)中的傳播
2.2.1 Plasma Frequency 等離子體頻率
2.2.2 Dispersion Measure 色散測量
2.2.3 Faraday Rotation 法拉第旋轉(zhuǎn)
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 3 Continuum Emission Processes 連續(xù)輻射過程
3.1 RADIATION FROM ACCELERATED CHARGES 加速電荷的輻射
3.2 THERMAL RADIATION 熱輻射
3.2.1 Blackbody Radiation 黑體輻射
3.2.2 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation 瑞利C金斯近似
3.2.3 Brightness Temperature 亮溫度
3.2.4 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radiation (or Free-Free Emission) 熱軔致輻射（或自由C自由輻射）
3.3 NON-THERMAL RADIATION 非熱輻射
3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation 回旋輻射
3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation by a Single Relativistic Electron 單個相對論電子的同步輻射
3.3.3 Radiation by an Ensemble of Relativistic Electrons 相對論電子集合體的輻射
3.3.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation 同步輻射的偏振
3.3.5 Optical Depth Effects: Synchrotron Self-Absorption 光學(xué)深度效應(yīng)：同步輻射的自吸收
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 4 Spectral Lines 譜線
4.1 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINES 發(fā)射和吸收線
4.1.1 Einstein Coefficients 愛因斯坦系數(shù)
4.1.1.1 Spontaneous Emission 自發(fā)輻射
4.1.1.2 Absorption 吸收
4.1.1.3 Stimulated Emission 受激輻射
4.1.1.4 Absorption Coefficient 吸收系數(shù)
4.1.1.5 Relations between the Einstein A and B Coefficients 愛因斯坦A系數(shù)和B系數(shù)之間的關(guān)系
4.1.2 Line Broadening 譜線展寬
4.1.3 Spectral Line Radiative Transfer 譜線輻射轉(zhuǎn)移
4.1.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules for Spectroscopy 基爾霍夫光譜學(xué)法則
4.1.5 Collisional Transition Rates and Excitation Temperature 碰撞轉(zhuǎn)換率和激發(fā)溫度
4.2 RADIO SPECTRAL LINES 射電譜線
4.2.1 21-cm Spectral Line of Atomic Hydrogen 氫原子的21 cm譜線
4.2.2 Radio Recombination Spectral Lines 射電復(fù)合譜線
4.2.3 Molecular Rotational Spectral Lines 分子旋轉(zhuǎn)譜線
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 5 The Cold Interstellar Medium of the Milky Way 銀河系中的冷星際介質(zhì)
5.1 21-CM SPECTRAL LINE OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN 氫原子的21 cm譜線
5.1.1 Observations of the 21-cm Line 21 cm譜線的觀測
5.1.2 Rotation Curve of the Galaxy 銀河系的旋轉(zhuǎn)曲線
5.1.3 Distribution of HI in the Milky Way 銀河系中的中性氫分布
5.1.4 Absorption Lines - Warm and Cold Gas 溫?zé)釟怏w的吸收線
5.1.5 Magnetic Field 磁場
5.2 OBSERVATIONS OF THE ROTATIONAL LINES OF MOLECULES 分子旋轉(zhuǎn)譜線的觀測
5.2.1 Molecular Clouds 分子云
5.2.2 Distribution of Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy 銀河系中的分子云分布
5.2.3 Molecular Cloud Cores 分子云核
5.2.4 Astrochemistry 天體化學(xué)
5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF THE THERMAL EMISSION FROM DUST 塵埃熱輻射的觀測
5.3.1 Dust Extinction 塵埃消光
5.3.2 Dust Emission 塵埃輻射
5.3.3 Global Distribution of Dust 塵埃的全局分布
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 6 HⅡ Regions and Planetary Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths 射電波段的HⅡ區(qū)和行星狀星云
6.1 HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ區(qū)
6.1.1 Ionization Structure of HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的電離結(jié)構(gòu)
6.1.2 The Temperature of HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的溫度
6.1.3 Time Scales of HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的時標(biāo)
6.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ區(qū)的射電輻射
6.2.1 Bremsstrahlung Emission from HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的韌致輻射
6.2.2 Radio Recombination Line Emission from HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的射電復(fù)合線輻射
6.2.3 Gas Density and Temperature from RRLs: Non-Equilibrium Effects 非平衡效應(yīng)下來自射電復(fù)合線的氣體密度和溫度
6.3 THE CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ區(qū)的分類與演化
6.3.1 Classification of HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的分類
6.3.2 Evolution of HⅡ Regions HⅡ區(qū)的演化
6.4 PLANETARY NEBULAE 行星狀星云
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 7 Radio Emission from Stellar Objects 恒星天體的射電輻射
7.1 SOLAR RADIO EMISSION 太陽射電輻射
7.1.1 The Quiet Sun 寧靜太陽
7.1.2 Slowly Varying Component of the Sun 太陽的緩慢變化成分
7.1.3 Radio Bursts 射電暴
7.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM STARS 恒星的射電輻射
7.2.1 Thermal Radio Emission 射電熱輻射
7.2.1.1 Main Sequence Stars 主序星
7.2.1.2 Giant and Supergiant Stars 巨型和超巨型恒星
7.2.2 Winds from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars 來自漸近巨支星的星風(fēng)
7.2.3 Flare Stars 耀星
7.3 YOUNG STARS 年輕恒星
7.3.1 Proto-stellar Disks 原恒星盤
7.3.2 Thermal Radio Jets 射電熱噴流
7.3.3 Molecular Outflows 分子外向流
7.4 RADIO PULSARS 射電脈沖星
7.4.1 Pulsar Mechanics 脈沖星機(jī)制
7.4.2 Pulsar Emission Mechanisms 脈沖星的輻射機(jī)理
7.4.3 Pulsar Searches 脈沖星搜索
7.4.4 Binary Pulsars 脈沖雙星
7.4.5 Radio Pulsars as Probes of the Interstellar Medium 作為星際介質(zhì)探針的射電脈沖星
7.4.6 Supernova Remnants 超新星遺跡
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 8 Galaxies at Radio Wavelengths 射電波段的星系
8.1 21-CM HI OBSERVATIONS 21 cm中性氫的觀測
8.1.1 HI Mass of Galaxies 星系中的中性氫質(zhì)量
8.1.2 Imaging HI in Galaxies 星系中的中性氫成像
8.2 MOLECULAR GAS IN GALAXIES 星系中的分子氣體
8.2.1 Molecular Gas Mass 分子氣體質(zhì)量
8.2.2 Imaging CO in Galaxies 星系中的一氧化碳成像
8.2.3 Other Molecules in Galaxies 星系中的其他分子
8.3 RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSION FROM GALAXIES 星系的射電連續(xù)輻射
8.3.1 Dust Emission 塵埃輻射
8.3.2 Long Wavelength Radio Continuum Emission 長波射電連續(xù)輻射
8.4 DISTANT GALAXIES 遙遠(yuǎn)的星系
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 9 Radio Galaxies and Quasars 射電星系和類星體
9.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 活動星系核（AGN）的簡述
9.2 AGN MODEL AGN的模型
9.3 MORPHOLOGIES, SIZES, AND SPECTRA OF RADIO GALAXIES AND QUASARS 射電星系和類星體的形態(tài)、尺寸及頻譜
9.3.1 Synchrotron Spectrum from an Inhomogeneous Source 來自非均勻源的同步輻射譜
9.3.2 Free-free Absorption of Synchrotron Radiation 同步輻射的自由C自由吸收
9.3.3 Inverse Compton Scattering and the Compton Limit 逆康普頓散射和康普頓極限
9.4 INFERRING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN AGN 推斷AGN中的物理條件
9.4.1 Spectral Index Maps 譜指數(shù)圖
9.4.2 Kinematic Studies 運(yùn)動學(xué)研究
9.4.3 Magnetic Field Estimates 磁場估計
9.4.4 Electron Cooling Timescales and the Nature of Hot Spots in Jets 電子冷卻時標(biāo)和噴流中熱點的性質(zhì)
9.5 THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY 銀心
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
CHAPTER 10 Cosmic Microwave Background 宇宙微波背景（CMB）
10.1 COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 宇宙學(xué)模型
10.2 BLACKBODY NATURE OF THE CMB CMB的黑體性質(zhì)
10.3 ANISOTROPIES IN THE CMB CMB中的各向異性
10.4 COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 宇宙學(xué)參數(shù)
10.5 CMB POLARIZATION CMB偏振
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 習(xí)題
APPENDIX A Constants and Conversions 常量及其單位換算
APPENDIX B Mathematica Code for Calculating Age of Universe and Distances for Given Redshift 根據(jù)確定的紅移計算宇宙年齡和距離的Mathematica代碼
APPENDIX C Complex-Valued Wave Functions 復(fù)值波函數(shù)
APPENDIX D Derivations of the Effects of Propagation of Radiation in Ionized Media 電離介質(zhì)中輻射傳播效應(yīng)的推導(dǎo)
APPENDIX E Fourier Transform 傅里葉變換
Index 索引