Heaven and Earth leave what is natural (Tzu-jan [ziran],Self-so) alone. They do nothing and create nothing. The myriad things manage and order themselves. Therefore they are not benevolent. One who is benevolent will create things,set things up,bestow benefits on them and infuluence them. He gives favors and does something. When he creates,sets things up,bestows benefits on things and infuluences them,then things will lose their true being... Animals eat straw,though the earth does not reproduce it for them. Men eat dogs,though(heaven)does not produce doges for them. If nothing is done to the myriad things,each will accord with its function,and everything is then self-sufficient.(Rump 1979:17)
在王弼看來(lái),天地之道無(wú)疑具有行為導(dǎo)向的意義。上面這段《道德經(jīng)》第五章的注釋告訴我們師法自然事件。自然事件給予我們的教誨表明,人世間的刻意籌劃與自然界的自發(fā)事件相背。這段注釋解釋“天地不仁,以萬(wàn)物為芻狗”。王弼把“芻狗”解作“芻”與“狗”,以此闡明自然界中的事物不同種類及其脆弱性。包括人類在內(nèi),無(wú)物可以抗拒外界變化的力量。在此意義上,萬(wàn)物一如。劉殿爵對(duì)“芻狗”另有一解。他說,“據(jù)《莊子·天運(yùn)》,芻狗在獻(xiàn)祭之前備受尊崇,而一旦完成使命便遭拋棄踐踏”(1963:61)。劉殿爵認(rèn)為芻狗的命運(yùn)可以這樣理解:在自然事件的演變中,萬(wàn)物各有其時(shí),一旦過時(shí)便會(huì)消逝無(wú)痕。在自然的輪轉(zhuǎn)中,沒有永恒之物,也沒有獨(dú)受青睞者?!続mes and Hall 2003:85.】有意思的是,這兩種對(duì)“芻狗”的不同解釋卻引出了相似的結(jié)論:“芻狗”的寓意在于,設(shè)想人類優(yōu)于其他存在者是不正當(dāng)?shù)?,而它所引發(fā)的后果則是災(zāi)難性的。
上述兩種解釋都是激賞自然界,而對(duì)人類中心主義保持警惕。道家的“自然”常常譯作“nature”,用來(lái)指自然界的各個(gè)方面。這種意義上的“自然”相當(dāng)于古希臘詞中的“physis”,后者指各類自然存在及其關(guān)系。自然界意義上的“自然”突出了自然主義的視角。根據(jù)這一理解,道更接近于自然界(貌似)自發(fā)的事件而非人世間人為的造作:
希言自然。故飄風(fēng)不終朝,驟雨不終日。孰為此者?天地。天地尚不能久,而況于人乎?(第二十三章)
Nature [ziran] says few words.
For the same reason a whirlwind does not last a whole morning.
Nor does a rainstorm last a whole day.
What causes them?
It is Heaven and Earth (Nature).
If even Heaven and Earth cannot make them last long,how much less can man?(Chan 1963b:141)