Chapter Ⅲ　At War

In 1914, it happened, as it often had in other years, that my daughters had left Paris for their summer vacation before me. They were accompanied by their governess, in whom I had all confidence, and were living in a small house on the seashore in Brittany, at a place where there were also the families of several of our good friends. My work did not generally permit me to pass the entire vacation near them without interruption.

That year I was preparing to join them in the last days of July, when I was stopped by the bad political news, with its premonitions of an imminent military mobilization. It did not seem possible for me to leave under these conditions, and I waited for further events. The mobilization was announced on August 1st, immediately followed by Germany's declaration of war on France. The few men of the laboratory staff and the students were mobilized, and I was left alone with our mechanic who could not join the army because of a serious heart trouble.

The historic events that followed are known to every one, but only those who lived in Paris through the days of August and September, 1914, can ever really know the state of mind in the capital and the quiet courage shown by it. The mobilization was a general wave of all France passing out to the border for the defense of the land. All our interest now centered on the news from the front.

第三章　戰(zhàn)爭中的我

1914年暑假期間，同往年一樣，兩個女兒被她們的家庭教師領(lǐng)著，先于我離開巴黎度假去了。我對這位家庭教師非常信賴，由她照顧我的女兒我十分放心。她們住到了布列塔尼的海濱度假屋，我的一些好朋友和他們的家屬也住在那里。我則因為工作太忙，很少能不被打斷地同她們度過整個假期。

我本來打算七月底前去海邊與女兒們會合，但是很快就會有緊急軍事行動這樣的壞消息不斷傳來，使我沒能去成布列塔尼。在這種緊張的狀態(tài)之下，我顯然是不可能離開巴黎的，而是需要留下來靜觀事態(tài)發(fā)展。沒過多久，總動員令頒布了。隨后，8月1日，德國便對法國宣戰(zhàn)了。除了我和一個有嚴重心臟病的技師之外，實驗室其他的工作人員全部應(yīng)征入伍了。

接下來的歷史事件大家都知道。但是，只有在1914年的8月和9月，住在巴黎的人才能夠真正體會到首都人民的心態(tài)以及他們所表現(xiàn)出的那種臨危不懼的英雄氣概?？倓訂T令很快便傳遍了整個法國，每一個法國人都勇敢地、急切地想要奔赴前線，去保衛(wèi)自己的偉大祖國。這一時期，我們每天最急切盼望的就是從前線傳來的消息。

After the uncertainties of the first days this news became more and more grave. First, it was the invasion of Belgium and the heroic resistance of that little country; then the victorious march of the German army through the valley of the Oise toward Paris; and soon the departure of the French government to Bordeaux, followed by the leaving of those Parisians who could not, or would not, face the possible danger of German occupation. The overloaded trains took into the country a great number of people, mostly of the well-to-do class. But, on the whole, the people of Paris gave a strong impression of calm and quiet decision in that fateful year of 1914. In the end of August and the beginning of September the weather was radiant, and under the glorious sky of those days the great city with its architectural treasures seemed to be particularly dear to those who remained in it.

When the danger of German attack on Paris became pressing, I felt obliged to put in security the supply of radium then in my laboratory, and I was charged by the government to take it to Bordeaux for safety. But I did not want to be away long, and hence decided to return immediately. I left by one of the trains that were carrying government staff and baggage, and I well remember the aspect of the national highway which is at intervals in view from the train; it showed a long line of motorcars carrying their owners from the capital.

開始幾天傳回來的消息反復(fù)無常，使人摸不著頭腦，以后的消息則使人感到事態(tài)越來越嚴峻了。首先，小國比利時未能阻止住德國軍隊，雖然軍民浴血奮戰(zhàn)，但是比利時仍被德國入侵了。隨后，德軍進入到烏瓦茲峽谷，直逼巴黎。沒過多久，便有傳言說法國政府將要南遷到波爾多，許多巴黎市民也紛紛隨政府南下，他們中的大多數(shù)人是不愿也不敢去面對德軍占領(lǐng)巴黎后所產(chǎn)生的危險的。有錢人紛紛乘坐嚴重超載的火車逃出巴黎，到外省鄉(xiāng)下避難。但是，總體而言，在這多災(zāi)多難的1914年，巴黎市民所表現(xiàn)出的那種冷靜而又果斷的精神還是給我留下了不可磨滅的印象。8月底至9月初的這幾天，天氣變得風(fēng)和日麗起來。在仍舊留在巴黎城的人們眼中，蔚藍天空映襯下的這個擁有著無數(shù)建筑寶藏的偉大城市顯得更加巍峨清晰了。

德軍日益逼近巴黎，情況非常危急，為了防止萬一，我覺得必須把我實驗室所儲存的鐳藏到安全的地方去。受到政府的指令，我將把這些鐳護送到波爾多，但是因為不愿意留在那里，所以我決定送到之后，便立刻從波爾多返回巴黎。我所乘坐的是運載政府工作人員以及行李物品的專用列車。我仍記得一路上，從車窗向外望去，國路上的混亂情景，排成排的汽車運載著它們的主人逃離首都，到外地去避難。

Arriving at Bordeaux in the evening, I was very embarrassed with my heavy bag including the radium protected by lead. I was not able to carry it and waited in a public place, while a friendly ministry employee who came by the same train managed to find a room for me in a private apartment, the hotels being overcrowded. The next morning I hurried to put the radium in a safe place, and succeeded, although not without difficulty, in taking a military train back to Paris in the evening of the same day. Having opportunity for exchanging a few sentences with persons on the place who wanted to ask information from people coming by the train, I was interested to notice how they seemed surprised and comforted to learn of some one who found it natural to return to Paris.

My trip back was troubled by delays; for several hours the train rested immovable on the rails, while the travelers accepted a little bread from the soldiers who were provided with it. Finally arriving in Paris, I learned that the German army had turned; the battle of the Marne had begun.

In Paris I shared the alternating hope and grief of the inhabitants during the course of that great battle, and had the constant worry of foreseeing a long separation from my children in case the Germans succeeded in occupying the city. Yet I felt that I must stay at my post. After the successful outcome of the battle, however, any immediate danger of occupation being removed, I was able to have my daughters come back from Brittany to Paris and again take up their studies. This was the great desire of my children, who did not want to stay away from me and from their work, even if many other families thought it wiser to stay in the country, far from the front.

到達波爾多時已經(jīng)是傍晚了。我的鐳裝在隨身攜帶的箱子里，而箱子又用鉛皮密封著，所以實在是太沉了，我根本就提不動，只好在車站等候前來接我的人。后來，與我同車來波爾多的一個友好的政府工作人員幫我把箱子搬到一個私人家中，并請他們騰出一個房間讓我度過這個夜晚，這個時候是根本住不上旅館的，因為旅館早已爆滿。第二天早晨，我急忙將箱子藏到一個安全的地方，雖然經(jīng)歷了一系列的困難，但是最后還是成功地轉(zhuǎn)乘軍列在當(dāng)天晚上返回了巴黎。在波爾多，我曾經(jīng)有機會同那里的人進行交談，他們也都很想從巴黎來的人口中打探些確切的消息。當(dāng)他們知道我在這種時候還認為返回巴黎是很自然的事的時候，所流露出來的那種既驚訝又欣慰的表情，讓我覺得十分有趣。

在返回巴黎的途中，列車經(jīng)常停下來無法行使，有時在途中受阻長達幾個小時。車上的軍人都帶著干糧，看到我們這些乘客餓得不行了，他們便分給我們些許面包，聊以充饑。當(dāng)最終回到巴黎時，我聽說德軍改變了進攻方向，馬恩河戰(zhàn)役已經(jīng)打響了。

這次大戰(zhàn)期間，我和其他的巴黎居民一樣，有時因為勝利在望而歡欣鼓舞，有時又因為感覺失敗在即而憂愁沮喪。最令我擔(dān)心的是，假使德國人占領(lǐng)了巴黎，我就將與自己的女兒長久分離。盡管憂心忡忡，但我仍舊決定忠于職守。當(dāng)法軍在馬恩河戰(zhàn)役中最終勝利時，巴黎被攻陷的危險也就不復(fù)存在。于是，我便讓女兒們從布列塔尼回到巴黎，繼續(xù)上學(xué)，這也是她們的愿望。許多巴黎居民認為留在外省，離巴黎遠些比較安全，所以并不急著回到巴黎來，但是我的兩個女兒卻毅然回到了我的身邊，因為她們不愿意與我分隔兩地，也不愿意中斷學(xué)業(yè)。

The dominant duty imposed on every one at that time was to help the country in whatever way possible during the extreme crisis that it faced. No general instructions to this were given to the members of the University. It was left to each to take his own initiative and means of action. I therefore sought to discover the most efficient way to do useful work, turning my scientific knowledge to most profit.

During the rapid succession of events in August, 1914, it was clearly proved that the preparation for defense was insufficient. Public feeling was especially aroused by the realization of the grave failings which appeared in the organization of the Health Service. My own attention was particularly drawn to this situation, and I soon found a field of activity which, once entered upon, absorbed the greatest part of my time and efforts until the end of the war, and even for some time thereafter. The work was the organization of radiologic and radio-therapeutic services for the military hospitals. But I also had to make the change, during these difficult war years, of my laboratory into the new building of the Institute of Radium and to continue, in the measure possible to me, regular teaching, as well as to investigate certain problems, especially interesting the military service.

It is well known that the X-rays offer surgeons and doctors extremely useful means for the examination of the sick and wounded. They make possible the discovery and the exact location of projectiles which have entered the body, and this is a great help in their extraction. These rays also reveal lesions of bones and of the internal organs and permit one to follow the progress of recovery from internal injuries. The use of the X-rays during the war saved the lives of many wounded men; it also saved many from long suffering and lasting infirmity. To all the wounded it gave a greater chance of recovery.

國難當(dāng)頭，每個人都應(yīng)竭盡所能為自己的國家排憂解難。政府對大學(xué)教職員工沒有作任何硬性規(guī)定，但大家卻都積極主動地行動了起來，我也利用自己的科學(xué)知識，想方設(shè)法地向國家貢獻自己的力量。

1914年8月，戰(zhàn)場的情況起了急劇的變化，從中也暴露出法國并沒有對這場戰(zhàn)爭做出充分的準(zhǔn)備。特別是在傷員救護方面，非常缺乏有效的組織和管理，因此引起了輿論的極大不滿。我對這一情況十分關(guān)注，很快便認識到自己很適合去做救護工作，于是便迅速地加入到了這項工作當(dāng)中。從此以后直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束，我將大部分時間與精力都投入到了其中。具體地說，我的工作內(nèi)容就是為軍隊醫(yī)院組建醫(yī)療隊和組織X射線檢查。除此之外，在那艱難的戰(zhàn)爭期間，我的研究工作也不得不作出改變。我將自己的實驗室遷進了鐳研所的新樓，并且盡可能多地繼續(xù)給學(xué)生們講課。同時，我也經(jīng)常對相關(guān)的問題進行研究，特別是有關(guān)軍事的。

大家都知道，X射線對于內(nèi)科和外科醫(yī)生進行疾病或者傷口檢查都有極大的幫助。特別是在戰(zhàn)爭期間，可以通過它來對彈片嵌入體內(nèi)的確切部位進行檢查和確定，從而便于醫(yī)生開刀將彈片取出。而且，它還可以對骨骼以及體內(nèi)器官損傷的情況進行顯示，醫(yī)生因此也就可以了解內(nèi)傷恢復(fù)的程度了。戰(zhàn)爭期間，X射線的應(yīng)用挽救了無數(shù)傷員的性命，減輕了很多人的痛苦并使他們免于落下終身殘疾，而且還縮短了他們的恢復(fù)時間。

However, at the beginning of the war, the Military Board of Health had no organization of radiology, while the civil organization was also but little developed. Radiologic installations existed in only a small number of important hospitals, and there were only a few specialists in the large cities. The numerous new hospitals that were established all over France in the first months of the war had, as a rule, no installation for the use of X-rays.

To meet this need I first gathered together all the apparatus I could find in the laboratories and stores. With this equipment I established in August and September, 1914, several stations of radiology, the operation of which was assured by volunteer helpers to whom I gave instruction. These stations rendered great service during the battle of the Marne. But as they could not satisfy the needs of all the hospitals of the Paris region, I fitted up, with the help of the Red Cross, a radiologic car. It was simply a touring motorcar, arranged for the transport of a complete radiologic apparatus, together with a dynamo that was worked by the engine of the car, and furnished the electric current necessary for the production of the rays. This car could come at the call of any of the hospitals, large or small, in the surroundings of Paris. Cases of urgent need were frequent, for these hospitals had to take care of the wounded who could not be transported to more distant places.

戰(zhàn)爭剛開始的時候，軍隊中任何一個醫(yī)療部門都不具備X射線治療設(shè)備，也不具備這方面的技師，即便是地方醫(yī)院，除了幾所大醫(yī)院外，這種設(shè)備也很少見，而且大醫(yī)院中雖然有X射線設(shè)備，但是技師卻幾乎沒有。戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后，法國各地紛紛建立了醫(yī)院，但也都沒有這種設(shè)備。

為了解決X射線設(shè)備與技師缺乏這一難題，我馬上先將各實驗室和貯藏室中所有的X射線設(shè)備集中到一起，并于1914年8～9月間建立了幾個X射線醫(yī)療站，由被我培訓(xùn)過的志愿者對這些設(shè)備進行操作。在馬恩河戰(zhàn)役中，這些醫(yī)療站發(fā)揮了很大的作用。但是，由于它們無法滿足整個巴黎所有醫(yī)院的需要，我便借助紅十字會的協(xié)助，設(shè)計并且裝備出了一輛流動X光透視車，它是由一輛普通的敞篷車改裝而成的。具體是將一臺設(shè)備齊全的X射線放射設(shè)備和一臺發(fā)電機固定在車廂里，利用汽車上的發(fā)動機來使這臺發(fā)電機發(fā)電，用以滿足X光設(shè)備對電力的需要。這輛流動車可以前往任何地方，巴黎的任何一家醫(yī)院，無論大小，只要是有需要，它就立即能夠趕到。特別是對于急診的傷病員來說，這種流動醫(yī)療車的作用更加顯著。醫(yī)院經(jīng)常會收進危急病例和重傷員，而他們又無法被轉(zhuǎn)送到很遠的醫(yī)院，這時這種醫(yī)療車就更加有用武之地了。

The first results of this work showed that it was necessary to do more. Thanks to special donations and to the help of a very efficient relief committee called "le Patronage National des Blessés," I succeeded in developing my initiative to a considerable extent. About two hundred radiologic installations were established or materially improved through my efforts in the zone of the French and Belgian armies, and in the regions of France not occupied by the army. I was able, besides, to equip in my laboratory and give to the army twenty radiologic cars. The frames of these cars were donated by, various persons who wished to be helpful; some of them offered also the equipment. The cars were of the greatest service to the army, particularly important in the first two years of the war, when the regular military service possessed but few radiologic instruments. Later the Board of Health created, little by little, a considerable radiologic service of its own, as the utility of the stations was more clearly realized owing to the example given by private initiative. But the needs of the armies were so great, that my cooperation continued necessary to the end of the war, and even afterwards.

I could not have accomplished this work without seeing for myself the needs of the ambulance stations and hospitals. Thanks to the help of the Red Cross and to the agreement of the Board of Health, I was able to make several journeys to the army zones and to the other parts of France. Several times I visited the ambulance stations of the armies of the north and in the Belgian zone, going to Amiens, Calais, Dunkirk, Furnes, and Poperinghe. I went to Verdun, Nancy, Luneville, Belfort, to Compiegne, and Villers-Cotterets. In the regions distant from the front, I took care of many hospitals which had to do very intensive work with little aid. And I keep as a precious recollection of that time, many letters of warm recognition from those to whom I brought help in their difficulties.

最初的結(jié)果表明，這種流動醫(yī)療車具有強大的作用，它的需求量非常大。感謝社會各界的特別捐贈以及一個全稱為“全國傷病員救護會”的機構(gòu)對我進行的幫助，他們的辦事效率很高，我所提出的關(guān)于增加流動X光醫(yī)療車的重大計劃很快便得以落實了。在法國同比利時之間的戰(zhàn)區(qū)以及法國的其他一些地區(qū)，我總共創(chuàng)建和改造成了兩百多個X射線醫(yī)療站，除此還對二十輛流動X光醫(yī)療車進行了裝備，以供軍隊的急用。這些流動車都是由各界人士慷慨捐贈的，此外，還有一些人士捐贈了整套的X光設(shè)備。所有這些捐贈對搶救傷兵起到了很大的作用。這些捐贈的車輛、設(shè)備，在戰(zhàn)爭初始的前兩年起到了很大的效用，這是因為當(dāng)時軍隊中的救護組織很少配備X光設(shè)備。沒過多久，衛(wèi)生部見到這些捐贈的設(shè)備所起到的重要作用之后，便開始大規(guī)模地對這種設(shè)備進行生產(chǎn)。但由于軍隊的需求量很大，衛(wèi)生部同我的這種合作仍然是不可缺少的，這種合作一直保持到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后的幾年。

如果我沒有親自到各醫(yī)院和救護站視察，不知道他們有多大多急迫的需求的話，我也很難切實地將這項工作完成。感謝紅十字會的協(xié)助和衛(wèi)生部的批示，我得以前往法國各地和戰(zhàn)區(qū)做考察，還對北部戰(zhàn)區(qū)與比利時軍隊駐防區(qū)所屬的救護站進行了視察。我先后到了亞眠、加來、敦克爾刻、弗爾內(nèi)與波普林格，還去了凡爾登、南錫、貝爾福、呂納維爾、貢比涅與維耶柯特萊。這些離戰(zhàn)區(qū)很遠的地方的救護站人手緊張，工作又非常繁重，因此我就經(jīng)常在那里幫助工作。我在他們非常困難的情況下所提供的幫助，令他們非常感動。因此他們還給我寫過一些熱忱的感謝信，這些信我一直都珍藏著。

The motive of my starting on a journey was usually a demand from surgeons. I went with a radiologic car which I kept for my personal use. In examining the wounded in the hospital, I could gain information of the special needs of the region. When back in Paris, I got the necessary equipment to meet these needs and returned to install it myself, for very often the people on the ground could not do it. I had then to find competent persons to handle the apparatus and show them how to do it, in full detail. After a few days of hard toil, the manipulator knew enough to work the apparatus himself, and at the same time a large number of wounded had been examined. In addition, the surgeons of the region had gained an idea of the usefulness of the radiologic examination (which few of them knew at that time), and friendly relations were established which made the later development of my work much easier.

On several of my trips I was accompanied by my elder daughter, Irene, who was then seventeen years old, and, having finished her preparatory studies, was beginning higher studies at the Sorbonne. Because she greatly desired to be useful, she now studied nursing and learned radiology, and did her best to help me under the most varied circumstances. She did ambulance work at the front between Furnes and Ypres, and also at Amiens, receiving, from the Chiefs of Service, testimonials of work satisfactorily performed and, at the end of the war, a medal.

每當(dāng)有救護站的醫(yī)生請求我給予幫助的時候，我便親自駕著我自用的配有X光設(shè)備的流動車前去支援。在替?zhèn)麊T們進行檢查的同時，我還捎帶著對當(dāng)?shù)丶毙栊┦裁催M行一下了解，等我返回巴黎之后，便想方設(shè)法地為他們解決這些問題。戰(zhàn)區(qū)救護站的工作人員大多數(shù)不會使用X光設(shè)備，我必須挑選一些適當(dāng)?shù)娜藶樗麄冞M行詳細的講解與培訓(xùn)。經(jīng)過幾天的訓(xùn)練，他們掌握了如何對設(shè)備進行操作，而傷員們也在對醫(yī)務(wù)人員進行培訓(xùn)的同時做完了必要的檢查。剛開始，了解X光設(shè)備益處所在的醫(yī)生并不多。接受了我的培訓(xùn)之后，他們完全清楚了這種設(shè)備的作用，我同他們之間的關(guān)系也因此變得更加親切友好。我再去那兒工作的時候，就方便多了。

有幾次我駕車到外地救護站去的時候，大女兒艾萊娜也陪著我一同前往，她那時已經(jīng)17歲了，高中畢業(yè)后，正就讀于巴黎大學(xué)。她同樣懷著一顆報國之心，積極地加入到戰(zhàn)地服務(wù)中來。她學(xué)習(xí)了看護知識和技術(shù)，以及X光拍片技術(shù)等，在各種情況下都盡力地幫助我。她到過位于弗爾內(nèi)與伊普爾之間的戰(zhàn)區(qū)和亞眠等地參加救護工作。由于工作很出色，她受到過嘉獎，戰(zhàn)后還因此獲得過獎?wù)隆?/p>