I make up my mind.(下決心。)
They make up their minds.
You must not speak ill of a man to his face.(不要當(dāng)面說人壞話。)
You must not speak ill of others to their faces.
Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.(不要背后說人壞話。)
Do not speak ill of others behind their backs. 但是請看下面二例:
(a)The three men were nodding their heads.
(b)The three men were nodding their head. 據(jù)G.H.Vallins在Perfect Your English(P.107)中說,上面的(a)例,意為三個(gè)人每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)以上的頭,而(b)例的意思則為三個(gè)人共一個(gè)頭,所以用復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)都一樣的有毛病,但除此二者之外,沒有其他更好的說法,只得從二者擇其一,勉強(qiáng)用了(b)型。所以我說有時(shí)是英文本身不完善的地方,無法說得滿意的。
但有些名詞如way是不要加復(fù)數(shù)的,例如: They continued their way on foot.(他們繼續(xù)徒步前進(jìn)了。)
He worked his way through university as a day laborer.(他做著日薪工人賺錢讀完大學(xué)。)
The red cows on the farther hill ate their way slowly toward the north.——John Steinbeck(在遠(yuǎn)處山上的那些赤牛慢慢地吃著草向北走去。) 4.不可以說I am a good friend with him
“我和他是好朋友?!弊g作I am a good friend with him.為什么不對(duì)?應(yīng)該怎樣譯,才合英文的慣用語法?
【解答】應(yīng)說I am good friends with him.主語分明是單數(shù),下接的補(bǔ)語卻要改成復(fù)數(shù),原是英文的一種特殊的表現(xiàn)法,在其他的語言,如法文、德文或意大利文里面都沒有的。這是兩個(gè)不同的表現(xiàn)法混淆起來,所變成的一個(gè)四不像的雜種。在現(xiàn)代英文中,這種構(gòu)成的習(xí)語,習(xí)見不鮮,從主張純正英文(Pure English)的學(xué)者看來,這簡直是把英文糟蹋了,所以他們對(duì)于這個(gè)的專門術(shù)語,叫作“污染”(contamination),不幸的是,這種污染的英文,居然被慣用法(usage)所認(rèn)可,而成為現(xiàn)代英文的一部分了。
原來是兩句很通順的英文,一句說I am friendly with him.(我和他友善。);一句說He and I are friends.(我和他是朋友。)這兩句混合起來便成為了I am friends with him了。這個(gè)混血兒的產(chǎn)生為時(shí)是很早的,因?yàn)镾hakespeare在他著的《亨利四世》上卷第三幕第三場二百零二行中,便有這樣的說法: “I am good friends with my father”,says Prince Hal,“and may do any thing.”(我和我父親已經(jīng)回復(fù)舊好,現(xiàn)在我什么事情都可以做了。)(虞爾昌譯)
英文表示“與人親密”或“與人重修舊好”的意思,就用to be (或make或keep) friends with這個(gè)習(xí)語。但也有用單數(shù)的時(shí)候,不過不是說友善,如He is our friend.(他是我黨。)I am a friend to (或of) liberty.(我愛自由。)He is no friend to (或of) peace and order.(他不維護(hù)治安。)He is a friend to commerce.(他贊助商務(wù)。)等等皆是。