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第7章可信的承諾:用抵押品支持交易(18)

交易成本經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 作者:(美)奧利佛·威廉姆森


不應(yīng)該僅僅考察雙方在契約執(zhí)行階段的關(guān)系而不考察事前討價(jià)還價(jià)關(guān)系的公正或競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則,這是不完整或不可取的。RobertNozick對(duì)于公正的看法是恰當(dāng)?shù)模?分配是否公平取決于它是如何進(jìn)行的。相比之下,公正的現(xiàn)時(shí)平分原則認(rèn)為分配的公正取決于物品是如何分配的(誰擁有什么)。 (1975,p 153)他提到的達(dá)成公正的現(xiàn)時(shí)平分方法忽視了事前的討價(jià)還價(jià),僅僅根據(jù)結(jié)果來評(píng)價(jià)公正與否。由于意識(shí)到公正是這樣實(shí)現(xiàn)的,初始討價(jià)還價(jià)達(dá)成的條款就會(huì)不同于交易各方在得到以下保證時(shí)達(dá)成的條款:在評(píng)價(jià)契約關(guān)系的優(yōu)點(diǎn)時(shí),將會(huì)考慮完全契約。但若采取廣泛的討價(jià)還價(jià)方法仍然面臨兩個(gè)難題:資源的最初分配以及各方評(píng)價(jià)復(fù)雜契約的能力。這些問題的相對(duì)重要性隨著環(huán)境變化而變化。締約雙方不應(yīng)該希望既獲得低價(jià)格,又不必提供抵押品,魚與熊掌不可兼得。

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