15． The Investment Dealer，Digest： IDD, 31 January 2000，Virtual Mergers： With Traditional Mergers Difficult to Pull Off， Airlines Are Finding Creative Ways to Consolidate， p．1．

16． Doganis (2001)．

17． Taneja (2003)．

18． ICAO Journal (2003) no．6．

19． ICAO Journal (2003) no．6．

20． Nawal K．Taneja (2003) Airline Survival Kit： Breaking Out of the Zero Profit Game， Ashgate Publishing．

21． http：//useu．usmission．gov／Dossiers／Open_Skies／Mar2808_Open_Skies_Accord_In_Force．asp

22． 盡管一些匯率的風險可以對沖，但套期保值既不是無成本的，也沒有完全消除匯率風險。

23． IATA Annual Report， 2008．

24． ICAO Journal (2006) Annual Review of Aviation， Vol． 61， No． 5．

25． High Fuel Prices Spark Southwest Buyouts， UAL Loss， 28 May 2004， http：//www.smartmoney．com

26． Taneja (2003)．

27． James Ott and Raymond E．Neidl (1995) Airline Odyssey, The Airline Industry，Turbulent Flight into the Future． New York： McGraw*睭ill．

28． Taneja (2003) see op． cit．

29． ICAO Journal (2007) Performance Indicators， Vol． 62， No． 1．

30． 關于波音公司的價格，參見http://www.boeing.com/commercial/ prices/。

31． Ghemawat， P．(1991)Commitment：The Dynamic of Strategy． Free Press．