晉代詩歌 Poems of the Jin Dynasty

陶淵明（365—427），東晉著名文學(xué)家，又名陶潛，字元亮。東晉潯陽柴桑（今江西九江市）人。陶淵明出身于沒落的官宦家庭，但父親早死，家境貧困。這樣的家庭背景和生活環(huán)境造就了他生性清高、不慕榮利的思想和品格。由于他好讀書，文才出眾，從29歲到41歲期間曾斷斷續(xù)續(xù)擔(dān)任過一些不大不小的官職。但官場的腐敗和爭斗，特別是連年的戰(zhàn)爭都使他厭倦。他終于在41歲時(shí)辭官歸田，直到62歲去世，再未做官。

陶淵明的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作形式多樣，有詩歌、散文、辭賦等。無論哪種形式，都給后人留下了出色的作品。特別是散文《桃花源記》，堪稱是中國的“烏托邦”，反映了農(nóng)民勞苦大眾盼望著過沒有剝削和壓迫、沒有戰(zhàn)爭、躬耕自資、平等幸福生活的強(qiáng)烈愿望。

Tao Yuanming（365-427），also known as Tao Qian，whose courtesy name was Yuanliang，was a native of Chaisang，Xunyang（today’s Jiujiang County in Jiangxi Province）in the Eastern Jin Dynasty．Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family．His father died early and his family lived in straitened circumstances．Fostered in this family background and living condition，Tao Yuanming was aloof from politics and material pursuits and did not seek fame and wealth．He was fond of reading books and was of outstanding literary talents．From twenty-nine to forty-one，off and on，he had held some official posts．Later，tired of the corruption and strife of the official circles，especially the successive years of war，he finally resigned his post and returned to his native place．He did not held any official posts any more until he died at the age of sixty-two.

Tao Yuanming’s literary works are of various forms：poetry，prose，ci and fu，and some of them are excellent．The Land of Peach Blossoms by him can be viewed as the Utopia of China，which reflects the labouring people’s strong desire to live a self-sufficient，equal and happy life without exploitation，oppression and war.

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飲酒（其五）

〇陶淵明

結(jié)廬在人境^（1），

而無車馬喧^（2）。

問君何能爾^（3）？

心遠(yuǎn)地自偏^（4）。

采菊東籬下^（5），

悠然見南山^（6）。

山氣日夕佳^（7），

飛鳥相與還^（8）。

此中有真意^（9），

欲辨已忘言^（10）。

【注釋】

(1) 結(jié)廬在人境：住在許多人聚居的地方。廬（lú）：簡陋的房屋。結(jié)廬：蓋房子。這句說的是把房子蓋在這里，也就是住在這里。

(2) 而無車馬喧：聽不到人來車往的嘈雜聲音。喧（xuān）：喧鬧。而：連詞，承接上下句。

(3) 問君何能爾：請問你怎么能達(dá)到這種境界？君：古代對人的尊稱，相當(dāng)于“您”。爾：如此。

(4) 心遠(yuǎn)地自偏：自己的內(nèi)心已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離了塵世的俗愿和爭斗，住的地方也就變得偏僻而寧靜。

(5) 采菊東籬下：在東邊的籬笆（lí b?。┫虏烧栈ā；h笆：用竹子或樹枝圍成的院墻。

(6) 悠然見南山：悠然自得、毫無心事地放眼遠(yuǎn)看，無意間看到南邊的山（這里指廬山）。

(7) 山氣日夕佳：山里的氣象和景色無論白天、晚上都非常美麗。氣：氣象、景色。日夕：白天、晚上。

(8) 飛鳥相與還：空中飛鳥成群結(jié)伴飛回巢（cháo）穴。

(9) 此中有真意：這里面蘊(yùn)（yùn）含著生活和生命的真正意義。

(10) 欲辨已忘言：想辨別尋找出這些真意，卻不知該用什么樣的語言表達(dá)出來?？梢岳斫鉃樵娙祟I(lǐng)會到了生活中真正的意義，卻無法表達(dá)，也就不想表達(dá)了。

Drinking Wine（V）

by Tao Yuanming

In people’s haunt I build my cot;

Of wheel’s and hoof’s noise I hear not.

How can it leave on me no trace？

Secluded heart makes secluded place.

I pick fenceside asters at will;

Carefree appears the Southern Hill.

The mountain air’s fresh day and night;

Together birds go home in flight.

What revelation at this view？

Words fail me if I try to tell you.

【賞析】

這首詩是陶淵明徹底與官場決裂后回到自己的家鄉(xiāng)過上了恬靜自得的田園生活時(shí)，在飲酒采花中寫下的。他寫的“飲酒”詩共二十首，這是其中的第五首。這首詩的核心是“心遠(yuǎn)地自偏”。解釋它的含義，不同人有不同的說法，大致意思是：要凈化自己的心靈，去除心里的各種雜念，不去追求功名、地位和庸俗的物質(zhì)利益，在輕松閑暇的氣氛中，過一種清新、健康、自得其樂的生活。如果能做到這一點(diǎn)，外界的任何引誘都不會使人心動，都不會再干擾你的生活。那時(shí)，你的身心就會與美好的大自然融為一體。只有這時(shí)，你才會真正領(lǐng)略大自然的美麗，真正體會到生活的真諦和生命的意義，這才是一個(gè)人應(yīng)該追求的生命的最高境界。

陶淵明的這種思想是一種逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)的思想，在實(shí)際社會生活中很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。產(chǎn)生這種思想的原因是他看透了官場的腐敗和爭斗，并對此深惡痛絕，而又無法改變現(xiàn)實(shí)。這種空想同時(shí)表明了作者純正而又高傲的品格。這種思想和品格被許多不愿與世俗同流合污的知識分子所欣賞，因而受到后世人無比的敬仰，這才使生前郁郁不得志的陶淵明死后流芳百世。

本詩最出名的一句是“采菊東籬下，悠然見南山”。這里用菊花在秋天開放的獨(dú)特品格象征詩人清高的志向，又把大自然與主人公巧妙地連接在一起，寫得親切自然，意境悠遠(yuǎn)，也使菊花從此備受人們的喜愛。

Interpretation

This poem was written when Tao Yuanming was drinking wine and picking flowers after he had broken with the official circles and returned to his hometown，living a tranquil and contented idyllic life．He composed twenty poems entitled Drinking Wine all together，and this is the fifth one.

The key of the poem is “if you’re free from desire and strife，then your whereabouts would be remote and peaceful”，and there are different explanations about what they mean．The rough idea is that one should purify his soul and banish distracting thoughts from his mind，and pursue no official ranks，status or vulgar material gains．He should live a fresh，healthy and self-satisfied life in a relaxed and free atmosphere．If he achieves this，no temptation outside can perturb him，and his body and thought would be in harmony with the happy nature．Only then can he really appreciate the beauty of nature and realize the true meaning of life．That’s the highest state one should pursue in life.

Tao Yuanming was trying to escape reality，but it’s very difficult for his thoughts to become true in the real social life．The reason that he had these thoughts was that he had seen through the official life and hated bitterly the corruption and struggle of the official circles，but he was unable to change the reality．At the same time his Utopian thought demonstrated his pure and high-minded disposition，which has been admired by lots of intellectuals who hate to live in the vulgar society．Tao Yuanming，who lived a melancholy life，won immortal fame and has been respected by later generations.

The most well-known lines in this poem are “I pick fenceside asters at will；Carefree appears the Southern Hill.”Chrysanthemums，having the unique character of blooming in autumn，symbolize the nobility of the poet．These lines，lovely and natural with a carefree mood，associate nature with the poet cleverly and make chrysanthemums loved very much by people.